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7.1 The Industrial Revolution and BeyondVersión en línea
Use your 7.1 notes plus your historical and geographical knowledge to complete the summary.
The
marked
a
profound
turning
point
in
human
geography
,
fundamentally
reshaping
how
goods
were
produced
,
where
people
lived
,
and
how
societies
were
structured
.
Beginning
in
Great
Britain
,
this
era
was
characterized
by
a
shift
from
the
industry
,
where
goods
were
handmade
in
homes
,
to
manufacturing
,
where
mechanized
production
centralized
labor
in
urban
settings
.
Innovations
such
as
lines
and
(
the
system
of
mass
production
pioneered
by
Henry
Ford
)
dramatically
increased
efficiency
and
output
.
This
transformation
spread
through
relocation
and
hierarchical
,
carrying
industrial
practices
across
and
into
North
America
.
As
industrialization
accelerated
,
it
fueled
urbanization
driven
largely
by
to
migration
.
People
left
agricultural
livelihoods
in
search
of
factory
work
,
especially
as
of
agriculture
reduced
the
need
for
farm
labor
.
These
expanding
urban
centers
grew
horizontally
and
,
reflecting
both
spatial
expansion
and
the
rise
of
multi
-
story
buildings
to
accommodate
dense
populations
.
However
,
this
rapid
urbanization
often
outpaced
,
leading
to
subpar
housing
conditions
such
as
crowded
tenements
,
squatter
settlements
,
and
.
The
Industrial
Revolution
also
triggered
significant
social
class
changes
.
Traditional
landowners
lost
influence
to
the
-
oriented
class
,
as
wealth
and
power
shifted
toward
industrial
capitalists
.
At
the
same
time
,
the
included
women
and
,
who
were
often
employed
in
factories
under
harsh
conditions
,
highlighting
new
within
the
industrial
system
.
Industrial
growth
increased
the
demand
for
resources
,
as
factories
led
to
the
need
for
more
materials
.
This
demand
played
a
major
role
in
expanding
colonialism
and
,
as
industrialized
nations
sought
to
control
resource
-
rich
territories
.
Over
time
,
industrial
activity
became
concentrated
in
the
of
the
Northern
Hemisphere
,
forming
what
geographers
often
call
the
industrial
belt
,
stretching
across
parts
of
Europe
and
North
America
.
Industrialization
also
reshaped
consumer
habits
and
daily
life
by
creating
demand
for
new
industries
,
including
foods
and
canning
,
ready
-
to
-
wear
,
commercial
laundries
,
and
domestic
appliances
?
products
that
reflected
both
technological
advancement
and
the
changing
rhythms
of
urban
,
industrial
living
.
As
economies
matured
,
many
countries
began
shifting
away
from
the
sector
(
manufacturing
)
toward
the
,
,
and
sectors
,
focusing
more
on
,
information
,
research
,
and
high
-
level
decision
-
making
.
In
later
stages
,
many
industrial
regions
began
to
experience
as
continued
advances
in
technology
and
mechanization
allowed
machines
to
replace
human
labor
.
At
the
same
time
,
companies
increasingly
pursued
and
,
relocating
production
to
countries
to
reduce
costs
.
International
trade
agreements
such
as
North
American
Free
Trade
Agreement
(
NAFTA
)
and
European
Union
policies
encouraged
this
shift
,
as
did
the
creation
of
zones
(
EPZs
)
,
zones
(
SEZs
)
,
and
zones
(
FTZs
)
?
areas
designed
to
attract
foreign
investment
with
fewer
regulations
like
the
in
Mexico
.
These
moves
allowed
companies
to
take
advantage
of
cheaper
,
weaker
protections
,
and
fewer
worker
rights
abroad
.
As
industries
relocated
,
formerly
industrialized
regions
were
often
left
with
economic
decline
,
forming
what
is
known
as
the
,
along
with
abandoned
industrial
sites
called
.
However
,
more
recent
events
?
such
as
the
global
disruptions
caused
by
COVID
-
19
pandemic
and
conflicts
affecting
key
global
like
the
Strait
of
and
Strait
of
-
have
exposed
vulnerabilities
in
global
supply
chains
.
These
challenges
have
led
to
growing
arguments
that
core
countries
should
reintroduce
or
strengthen
manufacturing
to
increase
stability
,
security
,
and
economic
resilience
.
In
sum
,
industrialization
is
an
evolving
process
whose
impacts
continue
to
reshape
patterns
,
labor
systems
,
and
landscapes
worldwide
.
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