Completar Frases
STANDARD METHODS OF SOLUTION
Totalling
means
keeping
a
that
are
to
.
For
example
,
keeping
a
running
total
of
the
marks
awarded
to
each
in
a
class
.
Counting
Keeping
a
count
of
the
number
of
an
action
is
is
another
standard
method
.
For
example
,
counting
the
of
students
that
were
awarded
a
mark
.
Counting
is
also
used
to
count
until
a
certain
value
is
,
for
example
,
the
number
of
items
in
in
a
supermarket
:
Maximum
,
minimum
and
average
Finding
the
and
values
in
a
are
two
standard
methods
that
are
frequently
found
in
algorithms
,
for
example
,
finding
the
highest
and
lowest
awarded
to
a
class
of
students
.
If
the
largest
and
smallest
values
are
not
known
,
an
method
is
to
the
maximum
and
minimum
values
to
the
item
in
the
.
Linear
search
:
A
search
is
used
to
if
a
value
is
in
a
list
,
performed
by
systematically
working
through
the
items
in
the
.
This
is
called
a
search
,
which
each
item
in
a
list
in
turn
to
see
if
the
item
the
value
for
.
Bubble
sort
Lists
can
be
more
useful
if
the
items
are
sorted
in
a
meaningful
.
For
example
,
names
could
be
sorted
in
alphabetical
order
,
or
temperatures
could
be
sorted
in
ascending
or
order
.
In
a
bubble
sort
,
each
element
is
with
the
element
and
swapped
if
the
elements
are
in
the
wrong
,
starting
from
the
first
element
and
finishing
with
next
-
to
-
last
element
.
Once
it
reaches
the
of
the
list
,
we
can
be
sure
that
the
last
element
is
now
in
the
correct
.
However
,
other
items
in
the
list
may
still
be
out
of
order
.
Each
element
in
the
list
is
compared
apart
from
the
last
because
we
know
the
final
element
is
in
the
correct
place
.
This
continues
to
until
there
is
only
one
element
left
to
check
or
no
swaps
are
made
.
Validation
is
the
automated
checking
by
a
program
that
is
reasonable
before
it
is
into
a
computer
system
.
When
data
is
validated
by
a
computer
system
,
if
the
data
is
a
message
should
be
output
why
the
data
was
rejected
and
another
given
to
enter
the
data
.
A
range
check
,
checks
that
the
of
a
number
is
an
upper
value
and
a
value
.
For
example
,
checking
that
percentage
marks
are
between
and
100
inclusive
:
A
length
check
checks
either
that
contains
an
number
of
characters
,
for
example
that
a
password
must
be
exactly
eight
in
length
so
that
passwords
with
seven
or
characters
or
nine
or
more
characters
would
be
,
for
instance
:
or
that
the
data
entered
is
a
reasonable
number
of
characters
,
for
example
,
a
family
name
could
be
between
two
and
thirty
characters
inclusive
so
that
names
with
one
character
or
thirty
-
one
or
more
characters
would
be
rejected
.
A
check
checks
that
the
data
is
of
a
given
type
,
for
example
,
that
the
number
of
brothers
or
sisters
would
be
an
(
whole
number
)
.
A
check
,
checks
to
ensure
that
some
data
has
been
and
the
value
has
not
been
left
,
for
example
,
an
address
for
an
online
transaction
must
be
.
A
check
,
checks
that
the
entered
conform
to
a
pre
-
,
for
example
,
in
Chapter
9
the
cub
number
be
in
the
form
CUB9999
.
A
digit
is
the
final
included
in
a
code
;
it
is
from
all
the
other
digits
in
the
.
Check
digits
are
used
for
,
product
codes
,
International
Standard
Book
Numbers
(
)
and
Vehicle
Identification
Numbers
(
VIN
)
.
Check
are
used
to
identify
in
data
entry
caused
by
mis
-
or
mis
-
scanning
a
barcode
.
They
can
usually
detect
the
following
types
of
error
:
»
an
digit
entered
,
for
example
,
5327
entered
instead
of
5307
»
errors
where
two
numbers
have
changed
for
example
5037
instead
of
5307
»
omitted
or
digits
,
for
example
,
537
instead
of
5307
or
53107
instead
of
5307
»
errors
,
for
example
,
13
,
thirteen
,
instead
of
30
,
thirty
.
is
checking
that
data
has
been
accurately
from
one
source
to
?
for
instance
,
into
a
computer
or
transferred
from
one
part
of
a
computer
system
to
another
.
Verification
methods
for
input
data
include
:
»
entry
»
Screen
/
check
.
For
entry
the
data
is
entered
,
sometimes
by
operators
.
The
computer
system
both
entries
and
if
they
are
different
outputs
an
message
requesting
that
the
data
is
entered
.
A
screen
/
visual
check
is
a
manual
check
completed
by
the
user
who
is
entering
the
.
When
the
data
entry
is
complete
the
data
is
displayed
on
the
screen
and
the
user
is
asked
to
that
it
is
correct
before
continuing
.
The
user
either
the
data
on
the
screen
against
a
document
that
is
being
used
as
an
input
form
or
,
confirms
whether
it
is
from
their
own
knowledge
.
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