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Respiratory Failure - Fill in the BlanksVersión en línea
Key terms in respiratory failure.
is
a
critical
clinical
condition
where
the
respiratory
system
fails
to
maintain
adequate
gas
exchange
,
leading
to
insufficient
of
arterial
blood
(
)
and
/
or
inadequate
of
carbon
dioxide
(
)
.
It
is
broadly
classified
into
two
main
types
:
(
)
and
(
)
.
develops
rapidly
and
can
be
life
-
threatening
,
often
requiring
intensive
care
and
.
Causes
are
diverse
,
ranging
from
direct
lung
injuries
like
to
systemic
issues
such
as
,
and
conditions
leading
to
impaired
respiratory
muscle
function
or
.
Respiratory
failure
is
characterized
by
the
inability
of
the
lungs
to
adequately
the
blood
or
carbon
dioxide
This
physiological
impairment
can
manifest
as
:
:
Low
levels
of
oxygen
in
the
arterial
blood
.
:
High
levels
of
carbon
dioxide
in
the
arterial
blood
.
It
is
distinct
from
chronic
respiratory
failure
or
acute
exacerbations
of
chronic
respiratory
diseases
Respiratory
failure
is
classified
into
primary
types
based
on
the
predominant
abnormality
:
Type
(
Acute
Respiratory
Failure
)
:
Characterized
by
a
significant
in
arterial
oxygen
partial
pressure
or
oxygen
below
88
-
90%
,
without
an
initial
in
carbon
dioxide
This
leads
to
tissue
due
to
inadequate
delivery
.
Pathophysiologically
,
it
often
results
from
ventilation
-
perfusion
(
)
mismatch
,
shunt
,
diffusion
impairment
,
or
low
inspired
oxygen
tension
.
Type
(
Acute
Respiratory
Failure
)
:
Defined
by
arterial
carbon
dioxide
partial
pressure
with
accompanying
.
It
is
primarily
caused
by
alveolar
or
impaired
muscle
function
.
Pathophysiologically
,
it
occurs
due
to
respiratory
fatigue
or
depression
of
the
central
respiratory
drive
.
failure
can
stem
from
a
wide
array
of
conditions
that
impact
the
lungs
or
affect
the
respiratory
system's
ability
to
function
.
Direct
Lung
Injuries
(
Primarily
causing
Failure
)
These
conditions
directly
damage
lung
tissue
,
impairing
:
Infectious
Pneumonia
:
Inflammation
of
the
lung
,
primarily
affecting
the
and
,
often
with
fluid
build
-
up
(
and
/
or
)
.
Common
causes
include
bacteria
like
Streptococcus
and
viruses
such
as
influenza
,
(
ARDS
)
:
A
severe
form
of
acute
respiratory
failure
characterized
by
diffuse
alveolar
damage
,
increased
pulmonary
microvascular
permeability
,
and
lung
infiltrates
.
It
can
be
caused
by
severe
from
conditions
like
SARS
-
CoV
-
2
,
SARS
-
CoV
-
1
,
and
MERS
-
CoV
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Other
direct
lung
injuries
can
arise
from
:
Inhalation
Injury
(
e
.
g
.
,
toxic
gases
)
Fat
Embolism
Radiation
Lung
Injury
Near
Drowning
Ischemia
-
Reperfusion
Injury
(
e
.
g
.
,
after
lung
transplantation
)
Neonatal
Respiratory
Distress
Syndrome
:
Occurs
in
premature
infants
due
to
insufficient
surfactant
,
leading
to
difficulty
inflating
lungs
.
Indirect
Injuries
(
Causes
Leading
to
Lung
Dysfunction
)
These
conditions
originate
the
lungs
but
lead
to
dysfunction
:
Non
-
pulmonary
Sepsis
Severe
Trauma
or
Burns
Cardiopulmonary
Bypass
Autoimmune
Diseases
Blood
Transfusion
-
Related
Lung
Injury
"
Cytokine
Storm
"
:
An
uncontrolled
immune
reaction
with
release
of
cytokines
,
especially
,
which
can
cause
multi
-
system
,
including
inflammation
Causes
of
Respiratory
Failure
(
Pump
Failure
)
These
conditions
impair
the
ventilatory
pump
,
leading
to
CO2
:
Acute
Exacerbations
of
(
COPD
)
:
COPD
involves
structural
and
changes
in
the
respiratory
system
,
leading
to
and
reduced
capacity
.
Acute
exacerbations
further
worsen
lung
function
and
can
precipitate
.
Neuromuscular
Diseases
:
Conditions
causing
weakness
of
respiratory
and
oropharyngeal
muscles
(
e
.
g
.
,
muscular
dystrophies
)
can
lead
to
failure
,
often
identified
by
pulmonary
function
tests
even
before
overt
dyspnea
.
Chest
Wall
Deformities
Other
Contributing
Factors
and
Complications
Pulmonary
Embolism
:
Embolism
of
the
circulation
,
mostly
from
,
causing
non
-
specific
symptoms
like
dyspnea
and
,
and
in
severe
cases
,
.
Pneumothorax
:
in
the
pleural
cavity
,
which
removes
the
of
the
serous
fluid
and
lung
expansion
.
Postoperative
Complications
:
Such
as
atelectasis
(
alveolar
collapse
)
,
pulmonary
embolism
,
and
aspiration
can
also
precipitate
respiratory
failure
.
Immunocompromised
States
:
Patients
with
compromised
immune
systems
are
at
high
risk
for
acute
respiratory
illness
(
ARI
)
,
with
infections
accounting
for
nearly
75%
of
pulmonary
complications
,
which
can
rapidly
progress
to
respiratory
failure
.
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