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In
the
century
,
France
often
struggled
with
money
.
Even
though
the
was
growing
,
the
government
?
s
income
from
taxes
was
too
low
compared
to
its
spending
.
This
was
partly
because
were
collected
by
tax
farmers
,
who
kept
a
share
of
what
they
collected
.
The
and
the
Church
also
had
many
tax
exemptions
,
so
the
burden
fell
mostly
on
ordinary
people
.
Reforming
the
tax
system
was
difficult
.
New
tax
laws
had
to
be
approved
by
(
regional
courts
)
.
The
king
could
impose
laws
without
their
approval
,
but
this
risked
conflict
with
nobles
,
,
and
taxpayers
.
?
Population
growth
:
From
1715
to
,
France
?
s
population
rose
from
million
to
million
.
Paris
had
more
than
600
,
000
people
.
The
middle
class
grew
,
but
many
workers
and
became
poorer
.
?
Economic
problems
:
Bad
harvests
in
and
1788
caused
food
shortages
and
high
prices
.
Many
people
lost
jobs
.
?
Financial
crisis
:
France
had
debts
,
but
the
bigger
problem
was
its
tax
system
.
Taxes
were
collected
unevenly
,
and
nobles
often
avoided
paying
them
.
Attempts
to
reform
the
system
failed
because
the
nobility
resisted
change
.
?
Political
weakness
:
King
XVI
sometimes
supported
but
often
gave
in
to
conservative
nobles
.
This
indecision
made
the
crisis
worse
.
?
New
ideas
:
thinkers
promoted
liberty
,
,
and
democracy
.
The
American
Revolution
also
inspired
many
in
France
.
?
Scandals
:
Stories
like
the
Diamond
Affair
increased
public
anger
at
the
king
,
nobles
,
and
leaders
.
On
20
September
,
the
French
army
won
its
first
major
victory
at
the
Battle
of
,
defeating
the
.
Encouraged
by
this
success
,
on
22
September
the
Convention
abolished
the
and
declared
the
French
First
Republic
.
They
also
introduced
a
new
calendar
,
calling
1792
"
Year
One
.
"
The
Convention
soon
focused
on
the
trial
of
Louis
XVI
,
now
called
Citizen
Louis
Capet
.
His
letters
showed
he
had
been
working
with
royalist
exiles
and
foreign
enemies
.
This
made
many
see
him
as
a
threat
.
On
17
January
,
he
was
sentenced
to
death
for
conspiracy
.
The
vote
was
close
:
361
deputies
voted
for
,
288
against
,
and
72
supported
execution
with
delays
.
Louis
was
executed
on
21
January
1793
in
Paris
.
His
death
shocked
Europe
.
Many
monarchies
?
Britain
,
Austria
,
Prussia
,
Spain
,
and
others
?
formed
the
First
and
went
to
war
against
revolutionary
France
.
La
Marseillaise
?
In
1792
,
Claude
Joseph
Rouget
de
Lisle
wrote
a
song
called
Chant
de
guerre
pour
l
?
Armée
du
Rhin
.
It
later
became
known
as
La
Marseillaise
when
sung
by
from
Marseille
.
In
1795
,
it
became
the
national
of
France
.
Its
music
and
words
inspired
people
and
were
later
used
in
other
songs
across
Europe
.
The
Guillotine
?
Invented
during
the
Revolution
,
the
guillotine
was
seen
as
a
fast
and
way
of
execution
.
For
radicals
,
it
was
the
"
people
?
s
avenger
"
,
but
for
conservatives
,
it
became
a
symbol
of
the
.
Public
executions
attracted
large
crowds
,
with
people
buying
programs
that
listed
names
of
those
to
be
killed
.
At
first
it
was
popular
,
but
by
the
end
of
the
Terror
,
people
grew
tired
of
it
.
Cockades
and
the
Liberty
Cap
?
Revolutionaries
wore
cockades
(
badges
)
to
show
support
.
At
first
,
people
wore
cockades
,
but
soon
the
Paris
militia
adopted
red
and
,
the
colors
of
Paris
.
When
combined
with
white
,
the
royal
color
,
this
became
the
tricolore
,
still
France
?
s
symbol
.
While
making
stable
,
Napoleon
also
tried
to
control
much
of
.
His
armies
conquered
Spain
,
Portugal
,
and
,
and
he
forced
Austria
,
Prussia
,
and
Russia
to
accept
French
leadership
.
However
,
Britain
refused
to
surrender
and
continued
to
fight
against
him
.
In
,
Napoleon
invaded
Russia
with
an
army
of
about
600
,
000
soldiers
.
He
believed
the
Russian
Tsar
was
secretly
working
with
.
At
first
,
Napoleon
won
battles
and
even
captured
.
But
the
Russians
burned
their
city
and
refused
to
surrender
.
With
no
shelter
or
supplies
,
Napoleon
?
s
army
suffered
greatly
from
the
harsh
Russian
winter
and
constant
attacks
.
Only
about
30
,
000
soldiers
returned
to
France
.
After
this
disaster
,
Napoleon
?
s
enemies
joined
together
.
In
,
they
captured
Paris
and
forced
him
to
give
up
the
.
He
was
exiled
but
returned
briefly
in
1815
.
However
,
he
was
finally
defeated
at
by
the
British
and
armies
.
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