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UNIT 6: AUTOMATED AND EMERGING TECH 6.1Versión en línea
6.1 - AUTOMATED.
An
automated
system
is
a
combination
of
software
and
(
for
example
,
sensors
,
microprocessors
and
)
that
is
designed
and
programmed
to
work
without
the
need
of
any
intervention
.
However
,
such
systems
often
involve
human
.
»
Sensors
are
devices
that
take
from
their
surroundings
and
send
this
data
to
a
or
computer
.
If
the
data
is
,
it
is
first
converted
into
a
digital
format
by
an
analogue
-
digital
converter
(
)
.
»
The
microprocessor
will
process
the
data
and
take
the
necessary
based
on
programming
.
»
This
will
involve
some
form
of
output
,
usually
involving
signals
sent
to
to
control
motors
,
wheels
,
solenoids
,
and
so
on
.
In
recent
years
,
the
focus
on
increased
automation
has
led
to
improved
quality
and
.
For
example
,
in
the
manufacture
of
car
engines
,
when
done
,
the
installation
of
pistons
into
the
engine
had
an
error
-
rate
of
~1
.
5%
;
with
systems
,
the
error
-
rate
has
fallen
to
0
.
00001%
.
Thus
,
an
advantage
of
using
automation
is
that
due
to
it's
accuracy
-
less
errors
occur
.
Nuclear
Power
Station
:
Data
from
a
number
of
is
sent
to
a
DCS
(
computer
)
?
if
the
data
is
,
it
must
first
be
converted
into
digital
format
using
an
.
The
DCS
will
have
access
to
a
large
database
containing
operational
data
and
.
If
any
action
needs
to
be
taken
,
then
signals
will
be
sent
to
the
appropriate
actuators
to
operate
pumps
,
or
even
an
emergency
shutdown
system
.
The
key
here
is
that
the
system
is
fully
.
A
human
operator
(
the
supervisor
)
will
sit
in
a
remote
control
room
where
a
schematic
of
the
process
will
show
on
a
large
screen
.
While
the
is
fully
automatic
,
the
supervisor
can
still
the
DCS
and
shut
down
the
process
.
The
main
advantages
of
this
automated
system
are
:
»
much
than
a
human
operator
to
take
any
necessary
action
»
much
(
an
automated
system
is
more
likely
to
make
timely
interventions
than
a
human
;
it
also
keeps
humans
away
from
a
environment
)
»
the
process
is
more
likely
to
run
under
conditions
since
any
small
changes
needed
can
be
identified
very
quickly
and
action
taken
»
in
the
long
run
,
it
is
less
(
an
automatic
system
replaces
most
of
the
who
would
need
to
the
process
24
hours
a
day
)
.
The
main
disadvantages
of
this
automated
system
are
:
»
expensive
to
set
up
in
the
first
place
and
needs
considerable
»
always
possible
for
a
set
of
conditions
to
occur
that
were
never
during
testing
which
could
have
safety
implications
(
hence
the
need
for
a
)
»
any
computerised
system
is
subject
to
no
matter
how
good
the
system
(
one
way
round
this
is
to
have
no
external
links
to
the
DCS
;
although
the
weak
link
could
potentially
be
the
connection
to
the
supervisor
)
»
automated
systems
always
need
enhanced
which
can
be
.
As
with
industrial
processes
,
many
of
the
systems
in
transport
refer
to
systems
(
for
example
,
autonomous
buses
/
cars
,
autonomous
trains
and
aircraft
)
.
But
automated
systems
are
still
used
in
controlled
transport
,
which
includes
cars
,
buses
/
lorries
,
trains
and
aircraft
.
Modern
trains
will
use
an
automatic
control
system
.
If
the
driver
of
the
train
goes
through
a
red
(
stop
)
light
,
then
the
computer
will
stop
the
train
.
This
will
make
use
of
at
the
side
of
the
track
sending
signals
to
the
on
-
board
computer
;
will
be
used
to
apply
the
.
Airplanes
extensively
use
automatic
pilots
,
which
control
the
wing
flaps
,
and
rudder
to
maintain
the
correct
height
,
and
direction
.
The
main
advantages
of
this
automated
system
regarding
car
parking
are
:
»
allows
the
same
number
of
cars
to
use
parking
spaces
»
avoids
disruption
in
cities
(
a
manually
controlled
car
takes
several
seconds
to
fit
into
a
parking
)
»
cars
can
fit
into
smaller
spaces
»
fewer
dents
and
scratches
to
cars
(
reduced
claims
)
»
system
since
sensors
monitor
all
objects
,
including
young
children
(
the
car
?
s
manoeuvre
will
be
stopped
if
any
new
object
is
encountered
)
»
very
results
.
The
main
disadvantages
of
this
automated
system
are
:
»
over
-
on
automated
systems
by
the
driver
(
loss
of
skills
)
»
faulty
/
dirty
sensors
or
cameras
can
send
false
/
images
to
the
on
-
board
computer
which
could
lead
to
a
»
kerbing
of
wheels
is
a
common
problem
since
the
may
not
pick
-
up
low
kerbs
»
option
that
doesn
?
t
really
save
the
driver
any
money
»
requires
additional
to
ensure
it
functions
correctly
at
all
times
.
Automated
weather
stations
are
designed
to
save
and
to
gather
from
remote
regions
or
where
weather
data
is
a
requirement
.
Automated
weather
stations
require
a
,
storage
(
database
)
,
battery
(
usually
with
solar
-
powered
charging
)
and
a
range
of
:
Sensors
in
a
weather
station
:
»
(
to
measure
temperature
)
»
anemometer
(
to
measure
speed
)
»
hygrometer
(
to
measure
humidity
)
»
barometer
(
to
measure
pressure
)
»
level
sensor
(
to
measure
fall
)
»
light
sensor
(
to
measure
hours
of
)
.
Gaming
Gaming
devices
involve
sensors
to
give
a
degree
of
realism
to
games
:
»
accelerometers
(
these
measure
and
deceleration
and
therefore
measure
and
respond
to
tilting
the
gaming
device
forward
/
and
side
to
side
)
»
proximity
sensors
(
used
in
smart
touch
pads
;
here
electrodes
are
embedded
in
touch
pads
that
can
hand
/
finger
position
thus
increasing
user
awareness
)
.
Embedded
accelerometers
and
proximity
sensors
(
together
with
a
)
in
games
consoles
allow
increased
human
interaction
with
the
game
.
This
allows
players
to
take
actions
that
real
events
happening
,
giving
a
more
games
experience
.
Lighting
Microprocessor
-
lighting
is
used
in
many
places
.
As
example
is
the
control
of
lighting
in
an
office
using
:
»
sensors
(
to
automatically
lights
on
or
off
depending
on
the
ambient
lighting
)
»
motion
(
to
automatically
turn
lights
on
in
a
room
when
somebody
)
»
sensors
(
to
be
used
either
as
a
motion
or
as
part
of
the
system
)
.
As
it
becomes
,
the
light
sensor
will
change
,
and
the
microprocessor
will
send
to
the
interface
to
control
the
array
of
LED
lights
around
the
garden
.
from
the
infrared
sensor
would
also
be
used
(
during
day
and
night
)
as
a
device
whenever
the
house
is
.
The
main
advantages
of
this
automated
lighting
system
are
:
»
it
is
possible
to
control
light
sources
»
a
energy
consumption
(
since
lights
are
only
turned
on
when
necessary
)
»
wireless
connections
can
be
chosen
which
are
much
(
no
trailing
)
»
longer
bulb
(
due
to
dimming
or
switching
off
when
not
in
use
)
»
possible
to
new
light
displays
for
various
occasions
.
The
main
disadvantages
of
this
automated
lighting
system
are
:
»
to
set
the
system
up
in
the
first
place
»
if
wireless
connections
chosen
(
for
safety
reasons
)
,
they
can
be
less
than
wired
systems
»
to
ensure
consistent
performance
,
the
automated
system
will
require
more
(
which
can
be
)
.
There
are
many
systems
being
used
in
both
industry
and
research
that
incorporate
artificial
(
AI
)
.
It
is
therefore
worth
considering
the
generic
advantages
of
using
AI
in
these
automated
.
Advantages
of
using
AI
in
automated
systems
.
»
ability
to
access
and
vast
amounts
of
(
very
important
in
research
)
»
they
are
able
to
from
huge
amounts
of
available
that
would
overwhelm
(
or
at
the
very
least
take
them
many
months
/
years
to
do
the
same
analysis
)
»
they
are
able
to
see
in
results
that
could
be
missed
by
humans
.
Disadvantages
in
this
approach
of
using
AI
in
automated
systems
.
»
a
in
skills
(
is
it
the
human
or
the
AI
that
controls
the
?
)
»
AI
is
on
the
data
which
it
.
|
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