Completar Frases
Urinary System what u need to know.
1
erythropoietin
production
internal
base
environment
regulating
pressure
renin
toxins
vitamin
wastes
Gluconeogenesis
ions
solutes
ECF
calcitriol
ions
metabolic
osmolarity
regulating
excess
D
blood
volume
fastin
water
acid
blood
body
RBC
*
Removal
of
,
,
and
from
the
*
Maintain
the
?
s
:
*
Regulate
total
and
(
concentration
of
)
of
the
body
*
Regulate
concentrations
of
in
(
ex
.
Na
+
,
K
+
,
Ca
+
,
Cl
-
)
*
Maintain
-
balance
*
Hormone
production
(
for
and
for
)
*
Converts
to
(
its
active
form
)
*
during
prolonged
2
bladder
Urinary
Nephrons
Ureters
Kidneys
Urethra
*
are
major
excretory
organs
-
are
the
functional
excretory
units
*
is
the
temporary
storage
reservoir
for
urine
*
transport
urine
from
the
kidneys
to
the
bladder
*
transports
urine
out
of
the
bod
y
3
hilum
sinus
lumbar
Convex
nerves
hilu
blood
superior
vessels
Retroperitoneal
concave
left
Ureters
renal
Right
lymphatics
The
Kidneys
*
,
in
the
region
*
kidney
is
lower
than
the
*
lateral
surface
,
medial
surface
*
Renal
leads
to
the
renal
*
,
,
,
and
enter
and
exit
at
the
4
Renal
Cortex
Renal
calyx
Medulla
Column
Renal
Superficial
Minor
Renal
Pelvis
:
Contains
bulk
of
nephron
structures
;
region
of
kidney
:
Containing
mostly
collecting
ducts
:
Runs
between
each
medulla
:
Cup
shaped
,
encircles
the
apex
of
a
pyramid
-
Basin
area
of
kidney
,
continuous
with
urete
r
5
urine
functional
85%
wate
Renal
tubule
Nephrons
long
conserving
cortex
interface
Glomerulus
1
Cortical
corpuscle
Juxtamedullary
loops
Nephrons
urine
capsule
units
capillaries
renal
Bowman
concentrated
medulla
The
Nephron
:
Structural
and
that
form
Each
kidney
contains
about
million
nephrons
Two
main
parts
:
-
(
)
:
a
tuft
of
-
:
begins
as
cup
-
shaped
glomerular
(
?
s
)
surrounding
the
glomerulus
Two
Classes
-
:
About
of
all
nephrons
,
almost
completely
in
cortex
-
:
Originate
at
-
,
that
dip
into
the
medulla
;
allow
for
production
of
&
6
DCT
cortical
capillaries
PCT
juxtamedullary
recta
Peritubular
Vasa
Two
Classes
Cortical
Nephrons
:
associated
with
and
of
nephrons
Juxtamedullary
Nephrons
:
associated
with
the
nephron
loop
of
nephron
s
7
cells
ascending
nephron
Juxtaglomerular
NaCl
walls
convoluted
densa
systemic
Complex
distal
ascending
communication
blood
blood
macula
arteriole
Juxtaglomerular
JGC
filtrate
densa
cells
Juxtaglomerular
cells
signal
tubule
Granular
Complex
Macula
arterioles
pressure
cells
arteriole
JGC
pressure
Complex
afferent
concentrations
chemoreceptor
JGC
mesangial
formation
chemical
afferent
loop
renin
Extraglomerular
mechanoreceptors
glomerulus
granular
*
(
)
:
Region
where
portion
of
nephron
loop
lies
against
the
that
feeds
the
*
(
)
:
Both
the
and
cells
are
modified
at
point
of
contact
*
(
)
helps
to
regulate
rate
of
&
*
?
modified
cells
of
nephron
loop
;
packed
beside
granular
cells
;
cells
that
monitor
of
filtrate
entering
the
*
?
found
in
;
act
as
,
releasing
when
changes
in
occur
*
?
lie
between
the
nephron
loop
and
arterioles
;
allows
between
and
via
8
Chemically
wastes
pathology
95%
Abnormally
urine
5%
filtered
formation
cleansing
urine
high
balancing
Nitrogenous
blood
*
water
and
solutes
*
:
urea
,
uric
acid
,
and
creatinine
*
Other
normal
solutes
Na
+
,
K
+
,
PO43
?
,
and
SO42
?
,
Ca2
+
,
Mg2
+
and
HCO3
?
*
concentrations
of
any
constituent
may
indicate
*
and
of
the
blood
leads
to
?
is
literally
just
!
9
Tubular
filtration
Tubular
secretion
reabsorption
Glomerular
*
:
"
dumping
filtrate
into
the
waste
container
"
*
:
"
reclaiming
what
the
body
needs
to
keep
"
*
:
"
selectively
adding
to
the
waste
container
"
10
water
i
solutes
solutes
pressure
Net
osmotic
water
Colloid
outward
Filtration
pressure
formation
filtrate
out
Pressure
inward
Hydrostatic
*
is
determined
by
the
differences
in
and
pressures
*
of
the
glomerular
capillaries
(
HPgc
)
aka
glomerular
BP
,
promotes
,
"
the
push
"
forcing
and
of
blood
*
of
the
glomerular
capillaries
(
OPgc
)
,
"
the
pull
"
by
blood
proteins
keeping
and
11
magnesium
infection
acid
calcium
Kidney
pH
pressure
urine
chronic
stones
uric
pain
Ca2
ureter
bacterial
*
form
in
renal
pelvis
-
Crystallized
,
,
or
salts
*
Larger
stones
block
,
cause
and
in
kidneys
*
May
be
due
to
,
retention
,
?
+
in
blood
,
?
of
urin
e
13
sphincter
syste
urethral
detrusor
nervous
ANS
ANS
external
internal
muscle
somatic
sphincter
urethral
Three
simultaneous
events
*
Contraction
of
by
*
Opening
of
by
*
Opening
of
by
14
diet
1
2
180
output
urine
0
cellular
metabolism
8
24
30
Urinalysis
urinary
Urinalysis
consistancy
150
*
Blood
composition
depends
on
:
,
and
*
In
hours
,
million
nephrons
of
the
kidneys
filter
-
liters
of
blood
plasma
;
resulting
in
.
-
liter
of
urine
output
daily
*
In
healthy
individuals
,
kidneys
maintain
despite
variation
in
diet
and
metabolic
activity
*
allows
testing
to
determine
substances
present
in
a
urine
specimen
?
this
can
be
used
to
assess
health
of
a
patient
*
must
be
done
within
minutes
after
urine
is
voide
d
15
Color
Transparency
urine
Odor
gravity
pH
of
Specific
*
and
*
?
slightly
aromatic
*
ranges
from
4
.
5
-
8
.
0
(
average
of
6
)
*
is
the
relative
weight
of
a
specific
volume
of
liquid
compared
with
an
equal
volume
of
distilled
water
.
The
specific
gravity
of
distilled
water
is
1
.
000
,
because
1
ml
weighs
1
gram
.
16
bile
foods
drugs
UT
clear
yellow
Color
urochrome
amber
water
blood
solutes
pale
Transparency
*
and
*
Should
be
and
to
in
color
,
due
to
(
pigment
metabolite
of
bilirubin
)
*
Color
variations
indicate
the
relative
concentration
of
to
in
the
urine
*
Abnormal
urine
color
may
be
due
to
certain
,
such
as
beets
,
various
,
,
or
*
Cloudy
urine
may
indicate
a
17
urinary
pH
Diet
pH
urine
vegetables
urine
acidity
whole
vegetarian
urine
Bacteria
urine
acid
8
4
infection
Odor
0
wheat
urine
disease
5
odor
drugs
6
of
diet
odor
pH
increase
ammonia
ash
tract
urine
alkalinity
protein
*
?
slightly
aromatic
-
action
gives
it
an
-
like
-
Some
,
and
various
processes
alter
the
characteristic
or
.
Example
:
someone
with
uncontrolled
diabetes
mellitus
makes
urine
smell
fruity
or
acetone
-
like
.
*
ranges
from
.
-
.
(
average
of
)
*
can
influence
or
-
A
diet
high
in
and
raise
the
of
.
The
foods
that
can
the
are
called
foods
.
-
A
(
alkaline
ash
diet
)
increases
the
of
the
.
-
A
may
also
result
in
urine
with
a
high
pH
.
18
less
precipitate
volume
1
water
hydrometer
001
Specific
distilled
stones
kidney
volume
solutes
1
equal
urinprober
crystallize
1
ml
liquid
more
000
030
1
gravity
1
specific
*
is
the
relative
weight
of
a
of
compared
with
an
of
.
The
specific
gravity
of
distilled
water
is
.
,
because
weighs
gram
.
-
Measured
using
a
/
-
Urine
weighs
more
because
it
has
?
normal
is
.
-
.
.
-
High
specific
gravity
=
solutes
Limited
fluid
intake
,
fever
,
kidney
inflammation
-
Low
specific
gravity
=
solutes
Excessive
water
intake
,
diabetes
insipidus
or
chronic
renal
failure
*
If
urine
becomes
excessively
concentrated
,
some
substances
normally
held
in
solution
begin
to
or
forming
(
renal
calculi
)
.
19
collecting
pathological
distal
Casts
convoluted
blood
Hardened
white
cell
Hyaline
ducts
blood
cell
tubules
red
:
*
cell
fragments
,
formed
in
&
*
,
and
casts
*
Always
indicate
a
conditio
n
20
mellitus
mechanisms
Glucosuria
diabetes
carbohydrate
active
blood
inadequate
Glycosuri
High
Glucose
sugar
insulin
transport
exceeded
levels
(
)
:
*
due
to
levels
;
or
can
result
when
for
glucose
are
temporarily
*
Excessive
intake
*
Uncontrolled
*
Aka
21
increased
trauma
intake
Albumin
kidney
permeability
Hypertension
glomerulus
overabundant
protein
Poisons
big
excessive
pregnancy
exertion
Pathological
Toxins
*
-
albumin
in
urine
-
Normally
albumin
is
too
to
pass
through
the
?
so
when
it
does
you
have
an
abnormally
of
the
membrane
.
-
Nonpathological
conditions
:
,
,
-
conditions
usually
events
that
damage
the
glomerular
membrane
*
*
*
*
22
beta
diets
ketone
metabolic
starvation
abnormal
fat
mellitu
acidosis
acid
hydroxybutyric
small
diabetes
acid
larger
acetone
glucose
ketones
carbohydrates
bodies
*
Ketone
Bodies
(
Ketonuria
)
:
Acetoacetic
,
-
and
are
.
-
Normally
found
in
amounts
in
urine
-
If
amounts
usually
indicates
processes
are
occurring
.
The
result
is
.
-
Expect
to
see
this
during
or
very
low
in
?
inadequate
food
forces
the
body
to
use
its
stored
.
-
Finding
both
and
usually
indicates
23
big
pathology
Blood
rbc
Red
Cells
*
(
hematuria
)
:
Indicates
of
the
urinary
tract
?
are
too
to
pass
through
glomerular
pores
-
Kidney
stones
-
Infection
-
Tumors
-
Physical
trauma
to
urinary
organ
s
24
RBCs
hemolysis
Hemoglobin
*
(
Hemoglobinuria
)
in
urine
as
a
result
of
(
bursting
)
of
*
Indicates
-
Hemolytic
anemias
-
Transfusion
reactions
-
Burns
-
Venomous
snake
bites
-
Renal
diseas
e
25
bacterial
infection
pathology
urinary
urine
inflammation
Pigments
Bile
liver
White
Blood
yellow
bladder
Nitrites
trac
foam
Cells
shaken
infection
*
-
May
indicate
a
(
E
.
coli
)
-
Valuable
for
early
indicators
of
*
(
Bilirubinuria
)
bilirubin
in
urine
(
bile
pigments
)
Usually
indicates
-
hepatitis
-
cirrhosis
-
bile
duct
blockage
Usually
forms
when
urine
is
*
(
Pyuria
)
presence
of
white
blood
cells
in
(
pus
)
-
Indicates
of
26
Diabetes
Glomerulonephritis
mellitus
Gonorrhea
insipidus
Pyelonephritis
Diabetes
*
-
kidney
infection
*
-
"
glomerular
disease
"
acute
inflammation
of
the
kidney
,
typically
caused
by
an
immune
response
*
-
sexually
transmitted
bacterial
infection
*
-
diabetes
-
too
much
sugar
in
the
blood
*
-
rare
-
caused
by
a
deficiency
of
the
pituitary
hormone
ADH
(
vasopressin
)
which
regulates
kidney
function
.
|
Repasamos la gramática de la unidad.
