A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
W
U
V
X
Y
Z
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A
This is a phonemic variation through which certain sounds assume the phonetic characteristics (or become similar to) other neighbouring sounds.
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B
Though some of them may occur within the same word, most allophonic and phonemic variations take place at word .............
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C
Phonemes are the smallest units of ............ in oral language because, if we only change one phoneme in a word, the whole word and its meaning change as a result.
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D
This alcoholic cocktail made with rum, lime juice, sugar, and ice is one of the exceptions for vowel #4 /æ/.
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E
There are ............ diphthongs in English.
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F
All English diphthongs are ............; however, under special circumstances, both /ɪə/ and /ʊə/ may be rising.
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G
In English, the ............ stop is a consonant sound whose symbol is /ʔ/. It is produced when the vocal cords are tightly closed, the air stream is briefly stopped and then, it is released.
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H
The second stage in the production of plosive consonants is called the compression or ............ stage, when the air is pent-up behind the articulators forming the obstruction.
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I
/ŋ/ is one of six phonemes of restricted occurrence, since it never happens in ............ position in English words.
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J
This is one of the parts of the vocal tract. We lower it when we produce vowel #4 /æ/.
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K
............. /r/ and intrusive /r/ are types of liaison. They connect vowels at word boundaries to keep fluency.
............. /r/ reflects a sound already present in the spelling of a word, while intrusive /r/ adds a new sound.
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L
The English ............ semi-consonant presents two allophonic variations: "clear" /l/ when it appears before vocalic sounds, and "dark" /ɫ/ when it occurs before consonants or in final position.
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M
This is a rather recent process through which the English centring diphthongs become a single steady vowel sound, except when they are used in final position.
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N
While ............ studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted, and perceived by human beings, ............ studies the sound system of a particular language and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.
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O
............. of vowels is one of the characteristics of weak forms, since they tend to take vowels that are articulated at or near the centre of the mouth - mainly /ə/, but also /ɪ/ and /ʊ/.
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P
All English consonants are ............ since the air stream used in their articulation comes from the lungs.
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Q
Both the ............ or arrangement of phonemes and the accentual pattern make up the linguistic identity of words in English. The combination of these two distinct elements will not be repeated in any other English word.
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R
General British English is a ............ accent because the letter is not pronounced when it appears in final position before a consonant or before a pause, within the same word or at word boundaries.
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S
This is the process through which speakers tend to elide the second element of a triphthong (diphthong + /ə/) in rapid speech.
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T
A diphthong is one vocalic sound with a little movement at the end, or a glide from one vocalic position or "starting point" to another vocalic position or "............. element," which is usually hardly reached.
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W
Unlike vowels (in which the passage of air from the lungs through the mouth is unrestricted), the production of consonants involves two articulators that form a complete closure or a ............ that causes friction.
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U
An ............ is the largest unit of spoken language. It is marked by pauses and it has its own rhythm and intonation pattern.
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V
This is an allophonic variation through which, in certain close-knit units, if the first phoneme of a word is voiced, but it is preceded by a voiceless sound, the voiced element loses vibration, as in /θæŋk juː/.
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X
This is one of the organs of speech. It sits on our throat, just above the trachea, and contains the vocal cords.
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Y
these are the stages in which the speaker produces speech: the concept is formulated in the brain; the nervous system makes the articulators move and form sounds; these sounds travel in the form of air waves to the listener's ears
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Z
............ of weak forms happens when two different form or grammatical words have the same weak unaccented form. However, this causes no confusion because meaning is provided by both context and grammar.
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