Anthro Concepts QuizVersión en línea Key terms and definitions por Cat Moriarty 1 Economy a A cultural adaptation to the environment that enables a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs and to thrive. b A set of beliefs and rituals based on a vision of how the world ought to be and how life ought to be lived. c A political system based on inherited rule and centralized authority d The propagation of plants and animals for profit through advanced technologies. 2 Food foragers a Humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat b The cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor c A strategy for food production involving the domestication and herding of animals. d An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land to create a surplus 3 Pastoralism a An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land to create a surplus b The exchange of goods, resources, and services among people of relatively equal status to create and reinforce social ties c The cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor d A strategy for food production involving the domestication and herding of animals. 4 Horticulture a The exchange of goods, resources, and services among people of relatively equal status to create and reinforce social ties b The cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor. c A strategy for food production involving the domestication and herding of animals. d An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land to create a surplus 5 Agriculture a A strategy for food production involving the domestication and herding of animals. b An intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land to create a surplus. c The cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor. d The exchange of goods, resources, and services among people of relatively equal status to create and reinforce social ties 6 Industrial agriculture a intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass production of foodstuffs b A form of exchange where wealth is redistributed within a group c The study of relationships between humans and the environment d The domestication of animals for clear economic advantage 7 Reciprocity a The movement of one’s class position upward or downward in stratified societies b The exchange of goods, resources, and services among people of unequal status to dominate others c A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern d the exchange of goods, resources, and services among people of relatively equal status to create and reinforce social ties 8 Generalized reciprocity a negative reciprocity where parties seek to receive more than they give b encompasses exchanges in which the value of what is exchanged is not carefully calculated and the timing or amount of the repayment is not predetermined. c Redistribution- a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern d balanced reciprocity between people who are distantly related 9 Balanced reciprocity a the exchange of goods, resources, and services among people of relatively equal status to create and reinforce social ties b between people who are distantly related c negative reciprocity- pattern of exchange where parties seek to receive more than they give d encompasses exchanges in which the value of what is exchanged is not carefully calculated and the timing or amount of the repayment is not predetermined. 10 negative reciprocity a Redistribution- a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern b the exchange of goods, resources, and services among people of relatively equal status to create and reinforce social ties c between people who are distantly related d pattern of exchange where parties seek to receive more than they give 11 Redistribution a a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern b Between people who are distantly related c pattern of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas d the exchange of goods, resources, and services among people of relatively equal status to create and reinforce social ties 12 Colonialism a The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyond their own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions. b Neoliberalism- An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government. c Industrial revolution- the 18th and 19th century shift from agriculture and artisanal skill craft to machined based manufacturing d Commodity- A good that can be bought, sold, or exchanged in a market. 13 triangle trade a The exchange of goods, resources, and services among people of relatively equal status to create and reinforce social ties b A form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern c The extensive exchange of enslaved people, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic. d The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyond their own borders 14 Industrial revolution a the 18th and 19th century shift from agriculture and artisanal skill craft to machined based manufacturing b A form of economic theory advocating free markets with minimal government c The exchange of goods, resources, and services among people of relatively equal status to create and reinforce social ties d Post–World War II strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards 15 modernization theories a Post–World War II economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism, less-developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries. b Neoliberalism- An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government. c Commodity chains- The hands an item passes through between producer and consumer d Neocolonialism- a continued pattern of unequal economic relations between former colonial states and former colonies despite the formal end of colonial political and military control 16 Development a Socioeconomic stratification- the uneven distribution of resources and privileges among members of a group or culture b Underdevelopment- the term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system c Core countries- industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system d Post–World War II strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies. 17 Dependency theory a a critique of modernization theory that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed b Neocolonialism- a continued pattern of unequal economic relations between former colonial states and former colonies despite the formal end of colonial political and military control c Fordism- The dominant model of industrial production for much of the 20th century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations, and government d Semiperiphery countries- nations ranking in between core and periphery countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy 18 Neocolonialism a Underdevelopment- the term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system b Semiperiphery countries- nations ranking in between core and periphery countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy c a continued pattern of unequal economic relations between former colonial states and former colonies despite the formal end of colonial political and military control d Dependency theory- a critique of modernization theory that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed 19 Underdevelopment a Life chances- An individual’s opportunities to improve their quality of life and realize life goals b Core countries- industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system c Proletariat- Marxian term for the class of laborers who own only their labor d the term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system 20 Core countries a Semiperiphery countries- nations ranking in between core and periphery countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy b industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system c Commodity- A good that can be bought, sold, or exchanged in a market d Bourgeoisie- Marxian term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production 21 Semiperiphery countries a Capital- Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth b nations ranking in between core and periphery countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy c Commodity chains- The hands an item passes through between producer and consumer d Fordism- The dominant model of industrial production for much of the 20th century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations, and government 22 Fordism a Neoliberalism- An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government b Proletariat- Marxian term for the class of laborers who own only their labor c Flexible accumulation- the increasingly flexible strategies the corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation d The dominant model of industrial production for much of the 20th century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations, and government 23 Flexible accumulation a the increasingly flexible strategies the corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation b Capital- Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth c Fordism- The dominant model of industrial production for much of the 20th century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations, and government d Commodity chains- The hands an item passes through between producer and consumer 24 Neoliberalism a Stratification- The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among members of a group or culture b Commodity- A good that can be bought, sold, or exchanged in a market. c An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government. d Commodity chains- The hands an item passes through between producer and consumer 25 Commodity a Class- A system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society’s resources b Stratification- The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among members of a group or culture c Commodity chains- The hands an item passes through between producer and consumer d A good that can be bought, sold, or exchanged in a market. 26 commodity chains a Capital- Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth b Means of production- The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things c Bourgeoisie- Marxian term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production d The hands an item passes through between producer and consumer. 27 Stratification a Wealth- The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt. b Habitus- Bourdieu’s term to describe the self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed in response to external influences c Income- What people earn from work plus dividends and interest on investments along with earnings from rents and royalties. d The uneven distribution of resources and privileges among members of a group or culture. 28 Class a Capital- Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth b A system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society’s resources. c Patriarchy- A social system in which men hold primary power d Means of production- The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things 29 Bourgeoisie a Marxian term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production. b Capital- Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth c Proletariat- Marxian term for the class of laborers who own only their labor d Means of production- The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things 30 means of production a Class- A system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society’s resources b Bourgeoisie- Marxian term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production c The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things. d Capital- Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth 31 Capital a Any asset employed or capable of being deployed to produce wealth. b Means of production- The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things c Inflation- The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services rises d Wealth- The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt 32 Proletariat a Prestige- The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups b Marxian term for the class of laborers who own only their labor. c Life chances- An individual’s opportunities to improve their quality of life and realize life goals d Social mobility- The movement of one’s class position upward or downward in stratified societies 33 Prestige a Social mobility- The movement of one’s class position upward or downward in stratified societies b Life chances- An individual’s opportunities to improve their quality of life and realize life goals c The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups. d Habitus- Bourdieu’s term to describe the self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed in response to external influences 34 life chances a Prestige- The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups b Social mobility- The movement of one’s class position upward or downward in stratified societies c An individual’s opportunities to improve their quality of life and realize life goals. d Wealth- The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt 35 social mobility a Prestige- The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups b The movement of one’s class position upward or downward in stratified societies. c Habitus- Bourdieu’s term to describe the self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed in response to external influences d Income- What people earn from work plus dividends and interest on investments along with earnings from rents and royalties 36 Social reproduction a Ritual- An act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embodies the beliefs of a group of people b Cultural capital- The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society c the phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next d Habitus- Bourdieu’s term to describe the self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed in response to external influences 37 Habitus a Income- What people earn from work plus dividends and interest on investments along with earnings from rents and royalties b Bourdieu’s term to describe the self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed in response to external influences over a lifetime that shape one’s conceptions of the world and where one fits in it. c Cultural capital- The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society d Social reproduction- the phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next 38 cultural capital a Life chances- An individual’s opportunities to improve their quality of life and realize life goals b Wealth- The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt c Habitus- Bourdieu’s term to describe the self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed in response to external influences d The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society. 39 Income a Ritual- An act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embodies the beliefs of a group of people b Wealth- The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt c What people earn from work plus dividends and interest on investments along with earnings from rents and royalties. d Religion- A set of beliefs and rituals based on a vision of how the world ought to be and how life ought to be lived 40 Wealth a Prestige- The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups b Social mobility- The movement of one’s class position upward or downward in stratified societies c Income- What people earn from work plus dividends and interest on investments along with earnings from rents and royalties d The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt. 41 pushes and pulls a bridges and barriers- The factors that enable or inhibit migration b labor immigrants- Persons who move in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill c entrepreneurial immigrants- Persons who move to a new location to conduct trade and establish a business d The forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country. 42 bridges and barriers a The factors that enable or inhibit migration. b labor immigrants- Persons who move in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs, often filling an economic niche that native-born workers will not fill c professional immigrants- Highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in middle-class professions often marked by shortages in the receiving country d pushes and pulls- The forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigrants to a particular new destination country
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