Relacionar Columnas Media IndustriesVersión en línea Exam Study Guide por Andrea Navarro 1 Allocative Resources 2 Market Model 3 Resource dependency theory 4 Public Sphere Model 5 Authoritative Resources the ability to control the actions of other actors through pressure or strategic advantage media are like all other goods and services; competitive markets = best outcomes for consumers Creation, distribution, and exhibition of mass media materials is essentially the struggle of organizations over a broad range of society’s resources. tangible resources for use in reaching goals; actual goods or material artifacts (programs, equipment, buildings, human personnel). Society’s needs can't be met entirely thru the market system. Info. is vital to a participatory democracy. Audience are citizens, not only consumers. 1 Today’s Hybrid Experience 2 The Nickelodeon Boom 3 What was the MPPC, and how did it affect the development of the motion picture industry in the United States? 4 Theater Birthday 5 Digital & Streaming Shift 6 What role has the authority power role historically played in the motion picture industry (provide some examples)? 7 What was the Hays Office, and what were its goals? What was the “Hollywood code” and how did it affect the production of movies? 8 Vaudeville Era 9 What kind of influence does the client power role have in motion pictures? 10 Studio Control to Decline 11 How did the arrival of television in the 1950s change the motion picture industry? 12 From Private to Public 13 Blockbuster Era 14 The Grand Movie Palace Distribution: Disney: Supplying content to theaters, TV networks, DVD producers, streaming companies, advertising. Financing of independent producers They help finance films/get them money, plus control product placement, etc., in films. audiences balance at home streaming with premium, communal theater experiences (today) Hits like Jaws reshaped moviegoing into a mass entertainment event Films watched solo in penny arcades and phonograph parlors MPPDA’s president, Will Hays, created a moral code about what was allowed in films produced for a public audience in the US. Meant to keep ppl moral. Motion Pictures Patents Company tried to control the industry, ruled unconstitutional for violating antitrust laws. Opens the road for competitors. Movies as segments of live variety programs; origin of the “feature film” Rise of storefront theaters charging five cents for continuous programs First public projection of Edison’s Vitascope Decimated movie theater attendance, forcing the motion picture industry to pivot from mass-produced B-movies to spectacles that TV could not replicate Luxurious, large-capacity theaters designed for comfort and escape Platforms like Netflix made films more accessible than ever Studios like Paramount Pictures dominated exhibition until TV and suburbanization reduced audiences 1 Thomas Edison 2 Nickelodeon 3 Unions in Hollywood 4 Simultaneous Release (Arditi) 5 P&A 6 Block Booking 7 Franchise 8 Windowing 9 MPPC 10 Hays Office/Hollywood Code 11 Kintoscope SAG, IATSE, DGA, etc. Rise if storefront theaters charging five cents for continous programs theaters recieve "A" (expensive, high prestige) pictures only if they agree to also accept "B" pictures First mogul of the motion picture industry Distribution strategy to try to get the most money possible for a particular film by offering it at multiple price points invented by Edison, allowed films to be watched through a peephole Collection of related movies connected by shared characters, settings, or storylines. Designed to generate multiple revenue streams: sequels, merch Refers to the costs a distributor incurs for marketing and distributing a film, covering trailers, advertising, and digital delivery motion pictures patents company - tried to control industry, ruled unconstituional for voilating anti-trust laws MPPDA's president, Will Hays, created a moral code about what was allowed in films produced for a public audience in the US. Replaced by MPAA. A strategy where films are released for home consumption at the same time as, or shortly after, their theatrical debut. 1 AD Zapping (Arditi) 2 Technical Regulation by the FCC 3 Cable TV 4 Telecommunications Act of 1996 5 Which power roles have a great deal of influence in the television industry, and why? 6 O&O 7 Fin/Syn Rules 8 Clinet Power Role in Early TV History 9 FCC Report on Chain Broadcasting (1941) 10 Cord-Cutting (Arditi) 11 John Walson/Service Electric 12 Broadcast TV 13 TV Freeze (1948-1953) 14 Prime-time access rule 15 What were some of the impacts of the Telecommunications Act of 1996? 16 Multiple System Operator 17 TV Syndication 18 Affiliate 19 V-Chip Held immense power, often dictating content more directly than the television networks themselves. Single-sponsor system. A local television stations that is not owned by the network itself but carries the network's content (prime-time shows, sports, and news) FCC regulatios that prohibited major TV networks from owning, syndicating, or profiting from reruns of programs they aired 1. Forced NBC to divest itself of one network 2. Led to 3 networks: NBC, ABC, CBS 1. 1945 - 12 channels for very high frequency (30MHz-300MHz) (FCC ruling) 2. Complaints - network control, too little diversity 1960s delcine in TV quality prime-time acess rule financial interests & syndication rules ban on tabacco advertising fariness doctrine Allows parents to block programs based on content rating A company that owns and operates multiple cable television systems across different communities or regions Over-the-air television accessed via an antenna (distributors are more powerful) Is an independent producer or company that sells specific shows station-by-station across many different owners and markets Requires a paid subscription for a wide, specialized channel lineup (distributors are less powerful) A pioneering broadband offering cable TV, high-spped internet, and phone services Techniques used by viewers to avoid advertisements (switching channels, muting the TV, or using ad-blocking software) Television or radio stations owned directly by the network with which they are associated No limit on total # of stations 1 company can own No control of < 50% of ad revenue in a single market Networks own cable TV systems Rating system FCC regulation prohibiting the top 50 market network affiliates from airing network-produced content during 7:30-8 pm Most of the power in cable is concentrated in exhibitors like comcast and xfinity Leaving cable for streaming Law that mandated ratings. Overhauled US communications law by relaxing ownership limits & encouraging cross-industry competition 1 HTML & WWW 2 What is the neutrality controversy? 3 Who/what occupies the production, distribution, and exhibition power roles in the internet industry? 4 ICANN 5 WWW 6 ARPANet 7 Who is the exhibitor in the Internet/Online industry? 8 Why is UGC important for media production on the Internet? 9 Advertising revenue in the internet industry 10 Cookies 11 What are ISPs (power role?) 12 Packet Switching 13 HTML 14 Data Mining Advanced research projects agency Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers - prevents two websites from having the same name - authority role Together, they allow us to gather information, share, and communicate standardized langauge used to create and structure web pages the company that provides the technology through which a person can go to a specific website - FCC regulates local ISPs - ICANN The only way social media makes money is by selling advertising. Anyone and everyone who posts online. Internet service prodivers - distributors an information system where web pages can be accessed It is all about exhibition. The idea that "a maximally useful public information network aspires to treat all content, sites, and platforms equally. information that a website puts on your computer's hard drive so that it can remember something about you at a later time Concentrated - Google and Meta hold over 50% of digital ad revenue Production&Distr = generally go together The process of gathering and storing information about many individuals to be used in audience profiling & innteractive marketing Breaking data into small "packets" that travel independently across network paths (emails, video streaming, and social media) 1 Hardware Segments 2 Hardware 3 1st Party Video Game Developers 4 What types of individuals/companies occupy the distributor power role in the video game industry? 5 Epic v. Apple 6 Advergaming 7 Apple Arcade and Xbox Live 8 What types of individuals/companies occupy the exhibitor power role in the video game industry? 9 ESRB & Game Ratings 10 What are three of the main industry segments in the hardware video games industry? 11 Software 12 2nd Party Video Game Developers 13 Creators 14 ESRB - power role? 15 Publishers 16 What types of individuals/companies occupy the producer power role in the video game industry? 17 Steam & Online Consumption 18 What types of individuals/companies occupy the creator power role in the video game industry? 19 3rd Party Video Game Developers 20 MMORPG the practice of creating video games to promote a brand, product, or service Steam promotes "unending consumption" by fostering a "never-own-a-game" model. Subscription-like access and purchasing. Turns users into products. the physical platform and infrastructure that enables gaming contracted by publishers to create games with concepts provided by the publisher provides the interactive content and digital experiences Entertainment Software Ratings Board — an industry self-regulatory group — applies content ratings to games. It occupies the facilitator power role Apples take 30% cut of money spent on apps. App stores within an app bypassed the 30% cut. Epic called Apple a monopoly distributor/restraint of trade 80% of publishers distribute their own games. Fund, market, and distribute games Distributors independent development houses; develop their own projects and try to sell them to publishers Entertainment Software Rating Board - an industry self-regulatory group - applies content rating to games. Facilitator power role. Consoles/Desktop/Handheld/Mobile Retailers. (walmart, best buy, game stop) - gross margins of 35%-40% on full price games in retail stores Publishing companies (provide advance to a developer/programmer or artists or a group of artists for game development/design) Developer/programmer, or artists, or a group of artists for game development/design Sony (Plasystation 4), Microsoft (Xbox, Xbox 360), Nintendo (DS, 3DS, Wii, WiiU) Integrated into publishing company craft the game, handle programming, art, and design Is an internet-based virtual world where thousands of players interact simultaneously 1 Three main criticisms that have been leveled against synergy and media conglomeration? 2 What did the Children's Television Act require of TV broadcasters? 3 What is synergy? 4 What do the successes of the CTA of 1990 and the TV ratings rules tell us about the effectiveness of the public to influence television content? 5 What kind of influence do ordinary citizens have on media content? 6 What circumstances led to the success of the campaign to introduce content-specific ratings for television in the 1990s? 7 What kinds of synergies are being explored by today's media giants? 8 Why is media conglomeration a conservative approach to the challenges associated with audience fragmentation? 9 Performance Program Air at least 3hrs of core edu. programming/week 7am-10pm - regulalry scheduled Edu. programs = 30 mins Stations provide access to license renewal docs They were all resulting from the public advocacy power role. Very effective. Kids were watching inappropriate content because there was no label. Turow: media orgs. are likely to ignore/downplay critiques by indi/small groups - media reform advocates find strength in #s with other indi/orgs Aud. fragmentation. = dividing the audience among more media outlets Solution? = gain access to distribution channels in multiple media industries Between streaming and film distribution - Paramount Discovery and Warner Brothers merger Create more value by becoming bigger thru combining companies. Can lead to debt = pay interest. Coordination = output is < sum of each part added tg responding to complaints in particular ways that companies are trained to - scripted Debt! No money! No profits! Conservative decision-making - stiffling creativity Harm to the democratic process - links news&entertainment, corp.cen. 1 Low power FM Radio 2 Public vs. Public advocacy power roles 3 Performance program 4 Twitch.tv 5 Comcast-NBC merger 6 Comcast-NBC Merger Logic 7 Comcast-NBC Merger Obstacles 8 Synergy 9 Residual culture 10 Four requirements for democratic media (Croteau/Hoynes): 11 Dominant culture 12 Emergent culture 13 Action for Children’s Television (ACT) Comcast shareholders may not benefit. The movie business is very appealing but hard to make money in, so Comcast might be cooked. You create more value by becoming bigger through combining companies - Media conglomeration responding to complaints in particular ways that companies are trained to Looking for synergy = would make money by distributing and putting it on their pay-per-view video on demand. Buy = access to content = distribute 1. Diversity 2. Innovation 3. Substance 4. Independence (from government & commercial interests) an individual decision vs an organized effort developing form of streaming, streaming integrating into the digital games industry Anti-trust act = must convince the government that it would help people - public interest test reminder that things can be different; when dominant forms fail to meet present needs (vinyl records, DVDs, VHS tapes) Hegemony= establishes&maintains order Rev.= commodification of culture Platforms= surveillance of consumers Subscription= payback to artists/stream 4 concerned moms: Goal: Eliminate commercialism in kids' pgms Protect free speech of broadcasters Pressure broadcasters & networks to self-regulate uses frequency modulation, with better sound quality but shorter range, typically for music formats Meanings, values, practices, rel. being created via new media Challenge existing norms of production, distribution, & monetization Hybrid media forms
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