Relacionar Columnas Agriculture & WaterVersión en línea Exam 3 study guide por Andrea Navarro 1 _% of greenhouses gasses is produced by agriculture 2 Food Insecurity 3 _% of habitable land in use 4 Famine 5 Food deserts 6 Food Sovereignty 7 Undernourishment 8 Food Security 9 _% of freshwater used 10 Urban Farming 70 All people at all times having physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. The right for people in a region to have access to healthy, culturally appropriate food grown in a sustainable, autonomous way 30 Caused by: insufficient funds, inadequate distribution, war/crises that disrupt production, and discrimination The practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food withing cities and suburban areas 50 Widespread food shortage causing mass starvation A condition that results from insufficient food consumption Low-income areas lacking access to affordable food 1 Biomes 2 Topsoil 3 Soil Profiles 4 Weathering 5 Renewable Resource 6 Parent Material 7 Erosion 8 Organic Matter ... is the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form Contains the greatest amount of organic matter. 1. Moisture retention 2. Supply and retention of nutrients/elements 3. Reduces erosion (Topsoil contains the greatest amount of ___ ____) In-place breakdown of rocks and minerals (rain, ice, temperature change) ... is the geological process where natural forces transport soil and rock debris from one location to another, shaping landscapes ... are natural energy sources that replenish faster than they are consumed A vertical cross-section of soil showing its distinct layers, or horizons, from the surface down to parent material Regions defined by climate, soil type, and the unique communities of plants and animals that inhabit them 1 Green Revolution 2 Crop Rotation 3 No-till Plowing 4 Contour Plowing 5 Norman Borlaug 6 Monocultures 7 Selective Breeding 8 Intercropping 9 Cash Crops 10 Terracing The agricultural practice of growing a single crop species. The process where humans breed plants or animals for specific, desirable traits Grow crops to sell rather than to feed a population Transforms steep slopes into a series of flat, stepped levels to prevent soil erosion, improve water management, and create arable land where farmers plow across slopes, following the land’s elevation contours rather than up and down (minimizies erosion and water loss) The practice of planting different, specific crop families in a sequence on the same land over several seasons. A massive agricultural transformation introducing high-yield seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and intensive irrigation Practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field to maximize space, boost yields, and improve sustainability Is a technique for growing crops without disturbing the soil, using specialized planters to insert seeds directly into residue from previous crop Was an agricultural scientist that sought to reduce global famine and food scarcity by developing and cultivating crops that were more productive 1 Biological Controls 2 Polyculture 3 Broad Spectrum (non-degradable) 4 Pasture Crops 5 USDA Organic Certification 6 Integrated Pest Management 7 Narrow Range (degradable) 8 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 9 Community Supported Agriculture a partnership where consumers buy "shares" of a farm's harvest in advance, providing farmers with upfront capital and sharing the risks of the season Species grown for grazing livestock ("high" quality nutrition & reduction of feeding costs) Multiple crops that are GOING to be harvested (all in one area) Using living organisms to manage agricultural pests and weeds - reducing reliance on chemical pesticides (parasitoids, pathogens, predators, etc.) Not readily degraded - designed to remain in soil long-term (bioacculmulate & biomagnify) Designed to break down or degrade under specific conditions. are living things whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering verifies that farms or processing facilities meet federal standards, producing food without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or GMOs Combines biological controls, pesticides, no-till, and crop planting techniques (ecosystem approach to planting techniques) 1 Infiltration 2 Overdraft 3 Hydrologic Cycle 4 Water Table 5 Oceans (as a drinking source) 6 Aquifers 7 Saltwater Intrusion 8 Desalination 9 Effluent Streams 10 Influent Streams 11 Surface Water (as a drinking source) The amount of water pumped from an aquifer exceeds the amount of water that recharges it. (Lowers water tables & dries wells & water quality). Alternative source of drinking water - requires desalination (is expensive). The process of removing salts and minerals from seawater or brackish water to create fresh, potable water. The zone of saturation where pores/fractures of the ground are saturated w/ groundwater. Determines wells' depth and health of wetlands/streams. Movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers (caused by excessive g.w. pumping, sea-level rise, and reduced river flows) The process by which water on the ground surface enters the soils, acting as a crucial link between surface water and groundwater. Recieve water from the groundwater table (common in humid climate) Recharge groundwater by losing water to the water table (common in arid/dryland regions) The movement of water in the hydrosphere (pathways & reservoirs). The amount of water is fixed. Human activities affect supply and quality. A geologic body ( permeable rock, gravel, sand, or silt) that can hold and transmit usable amounts of groundwater. Alternative source of drinking water - requires disinfecting and filtering. 1 Water Scarcity 2 Wetlands 3 Consumptive Use 4 Non-Consumptive Use 5 The Colorado River 6 The Great Salt Lake 7 Channelization 8 In-Stream 9 Aral Sea 10 Off-Stream Lack of sufficient available water resources to meet consumption demands. 90% loss of surface area for agricultural use, air pillution (erosion), increased salinity, loss of wetlands, and regional climate change. Involved diverting water from a source to another location for uses such as irrigation or municipal supply, often reducing downstream flow. Water is returned back to the source. Water-saturated ecosystems (swamps, marshes, bogs, and fens) Water is used within its natural waterway for purposes like habitat maintenance, recreation, or hydropower. Straightening, deepening, widening, clearing, or lining existing stream channels. Controls floods and improves navigation. Loss of wetlands. Removes water from the source (evaporation, transpiration) so it is UNAVAILABLE for immediate REUSE (irrigation and industrual cooling) River could run short of water 58% to 73% of the time by the year 2050 largest saline lake in the Western Hemisphere 1 Waterborne Diseases 2 Virtual Water 3 Primary Treatment 4 Point Source Pollutants 5 Indicator Species 6 Non-Point Source Pollutants 7 Gray Water 8 Chemical Pollutants 9 Discuss the steps of wastewater treatment 10 Physical Pollutants 11 Secondary Treatment 12 Biological Pollutants 13 Xeriscaping Alter the envirnment's physical properties (sediment and debris) The volume of freshwater consumed, evaporated, or polluted during the production of goods and services. Process of removing pollutants, suspended solids, and harmful pathogens from sewage and industrial waste to produce cleaner water. Sustainable landscaping method that uses drought-tolerant plants, gravel, and mulch to minimize irrigation. Are organic or inorganic compounds (metals, pesticides, and toxins). Pollution that comes from multiple locations (carried by rainfall, making it harder to trace - residential run-off) Microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause disease. Bacteria, Parasites, and Protists Gently used wastewater from showers, sinks, and laundry. Reduces water bills and sewage loads by irrigating landscapes or flushing toilets. Settling tanks (clarifiers) remove 40-60% of suspended solids by allowing sludge to settle. Aeration tanks encourage bacteria to break down organic matter (removes 90% of suspended solids) A plant, animal, or microorganism used to assess the health of an ecosystem. Pollution that comes from an identifiable location (pipe or factory) 1 Thermal Pollution 2 Hypoxia 3 Eutrophication 4 Sediment Pollution 5 Riparian Buffers 6 Anoxia 7 Pacific Garbage Patch 8 Oil Pollution The harmful alteration of water temps in bodies of water caused by industrial cooling towers (vegetation removal and stratification) Complete, total cutoff of oxygen A massice collection of marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean - high concentrations of plastic The over-enrichment of water by nutrients (N & P) leads to excessive algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and dead zones killing fish and the biodiversity A vegetated area planted along the edge of a stream, river, or lake to protect water quality and aquatic habitats. Greatest pollutant (by volume and mass). Soil particles. Construction site runoff, agricultural erosion, and urbanization. Reduced supply of oxygen to the brain Fauna - coasts, feathers, fur (buoyancy, insulation) Flora - photosynthetic impact (oil-consuming bacteria, biomagnification)
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