Presentación: Week 5 Semantics


Week 5 SemanticsVersión en línea Semantics por Noel Cecil Tiong Hao Hieng 1 Learning Objectives 2 Slide 1: What is Semantics? Definition: Semantics is the systems of rules underlying our knowledge of word and sentence meaning. It studies how we construct and understand meaning in language. 3 Slide 2: Scope of Semantics Semantics covers the study of word and clause meaning, including how we interpret expressions, phrases, and sentences in context. 4 Slide 3: Meaning in Semantics Types of meaning include lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic aspects, with a focus on how speakers communicate and interpret information. 5 Slide 4: Lexical Semantics Lexical semantics examines the relationship between words and their meanings, often treated as arbitrary connections, with exceptions like onomatopoeia. 6 Slide 5: Semantic Features Meanings can be described by binary features (e.g., human vs. nonhuman, animate vs. inanimate). 7 Slide 6: Antonymy Antonymy involves opposite meanings. They can be complementary, gradable, or relational, highlighting contrastive pairs. Relational • Antonyms that describe a relationship to the other Complementary • Antonyms that can only be in one group; absolute opposites Gradable • Antonyms at two ends on a scale, and there can be various gradations of each term; varied 8 Slide 7: Synonymy & Hyponymy Synonymy: different forms, similar meanings. Examples vary by dialect and style. Dialectal variation; not shared across dialect boundaries • couch; sofa; chesterfield; divan Language change over time; different generations • pocketbook; handbag; purse Style and register; different settings • ride (casual); car (form 9 Slide 8: Hyponymy & Polysemy Hyponymy = meaning is included in a broader term (flower/tulip). Polysemy = a word with related multiple meanings. 10 Slide 9: Ambiguity & Vagueness Ambiguity arises when a sentence has more than one interpretation. Vagueness involves unclear boundaries of meaning. 11 Homonymy Homonyms • Words wit;h the same sound and spelling but different, unrelated meanings • Example: • bear: to have children or to tolerate (She can’t bear children.) Homophones* • Words that do not share the same spellings or meanings but sound the same • Examples • sole/soul, gorilla/guerilla, to/too/two Homographs • Words that have the same spelling, different meanings, and different pronunciations • Examples: • bow (of a ship)/bow (of an arrow) 12 Slide 10: Meaning Change Meaning shifts over time (narrowing, broadening, amelioration, pejoration). Semantics also covers figurative language like metaphor and idioms. Narrowing • Change in words’ meanings over time to more specific meanings • Example: • In Old English, the word hund meant dog, but in Modern English, hound refers to a particular type of dog Broadening • Change in words’ meanings over time to more general or inclusive • Example: • In Old English, bridd meant young bird, but in Middle English, bird came to mean ‘fowl of any age’ Amelioration • Shift of words’ meanings over time from neutral or negative to positive • Example: • croon means ‘to sing softly’, comes from Dutch kronen; ‘to groan or lament’ Pejoration • Shift of words’ meanings over time from neutral or positive to negative • Example: • In Old English, ceorl meant ‘peasant, freeman, layman’, but during Middle English degenerated in meaning and occurs in current English as churl, ‘a rude or ill-bred person 13 Figurative Language Figurative Language; Nonliteral language; language that shifts meaning from the primary meaning of the word Types: • Metaphor • Personification • Metonymy • Simile • Idiom

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Learning Objectives

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Slide 1: What is Semantics?

Definition: Semantics is the systems of rules underlying our knowledge of word and sentence meaning. It studies how we construct and understand meaning in language.

3

Slide 2: Scope of Semantics

Semantics covers the study of word and clause meaning, including how we interpret expressions, phrases, and sentences in context.

4

Slide 3: Meaning in Semantics

Types of meaning include lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic aspects, with a focus on how speakers communicate and interpret information.

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Slide 4: Lexical Semantics

Lexical semantics examines the relationship between words and their meanings, often treated as arbitrary connections, with exceptions like onomatopoeia.

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Slide 5: Semantic Features

Meanings can be described by binary features (e.g., human vs. nonhuman, animate vs. inanimate).

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Slide 6: Antonymy

Antonymy involves opposite meanings. They can be complementary, gradable, or relational, highlighting contrastive pairs.

Relational

• Antonyms that describe a relationship to the other

Complementary

• Antonyms that can only be in one group; absolute opposites

Gradable

• Antonyms at two ends on a scale, and there can be various gradations

of each term; varied

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Slide 7: Synonymy & Hyponymy

Synonymy: different forms, similar meanings. Examples vary by dialect and style.

Dialectal variation; not shared across dialect boundaries

• couch; sofa; chesterfield; divan

Language change over time; different generations

• pocketbook; handbag; purse

Style and register; different settings

• ride (casual); car (form

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Slide 8: Hyponymy & Polysemy

Hyponymy = meaning is included in a broader term (flower/tulip). Polysemy = a word with related multiple meanings.

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Slide 9: Ambiguity & Vagueness

Ambiguity arises when a sentence has more than one interpretation. Vagueness involves unclear boundaries of meaning.

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Homonymy

Homonyms

• Words wit;h the same sound and spelling but different, unrelated meanings

• Example:

• bear: to have children or to tolerate (She can’t *bear children.)

Homophones

• Words that do not share the same spellings or meanings but sound the same

• Examples

• sole/soul, gorilla/guerilla, to/too/two

Homographs

• Words that have the same spelling, different meanings, and different pronunciations

• Examples:

• bow (of a ship)/bow (of an arrow)

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Slide 10: Meaning Change

Meaning shifts over time (narrowing, broadening, amelioration, pejoration). Semantics also covers figurative language like metaphor and idioms.

Narrowing

• Change in words’ meanings over time to more specific meanings

• Example:

• In Old English, the word hund meant dog, but in Modern English, hound refers to a

particular type of dog

Broadening

• Change in words’ meanings over time to more general or inclusive

• Example:

• In Old English, bridd meant young bird, but in Middle English, bird came to mean ‘fowl

of any age’

Amelioration

• Shift of words’ meanings over time from neutral or negative to positive

• Example:

• croon means ‘to sing softly’, comes from Dutch kronen; ‘to groan or lament’

Pejoration

• Shift of words’ meanings over time from neutral or positive to negative

• Example:

• In Old English, ceorl meant ‘peasant, freeman, layman’, but during Middle English

degenerated in meaning and occurs in current English as churl, ‘a rude or ill-bred

person

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Figurative Language

Figurative Language; Nonliteral language; language that shifts meaning from the primary

meaning of the word

Types:

• Metaphor

• Personification

• Metonymy

• Simile

• Idiom

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Week 5 Semantics

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Week 5 SemanticsVersión en línea

por Noel Cecil Tiong Hao Hieng

Learning Objectives

Slide 1: What is Semantics?

Slide 2: Scope of Semantics

Slide 3: Meaning in Semantics

Slide 4: Lexical Semantics

Slide 5: Semantic Features

Slide 6: Antonymy

Slide 7: Synonymy & Hyponymy

Slide 8: Hyponymy & Polysemy

Slide 9: Ambiguity & Vagueness

Homonymy

Slide 10: Meaning Change

Figurative Language

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