Neurons and Resting Membrane Potentials

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Electrical signals in neurons

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Neurons and Resting Membrane Potentials


Neurons and Resting Membrane PotentialsVersión en línea Electrical signals in neurons por Anotida 1 What term describes the stored energy difference across a neuron's membrane? a Action potential b Capacitance c Current gradient d Membrane potential 2 What is the typical resting membrane potential (RMP) of a neuron? a About -30 mV b About -10 mV c About -70 mV d About +70 mV 3 Which ions are mainly involved in maintaining the resting potential? a Sodium and potassium b Magnesium and phosphate c Glucose and potassium d Calcium and chloride 4 Which pump actively maintains the Na+/K+ imbalance? a Ca2+ pump b Sodium–potassium pump c Sodium–calcium exchanger d Proton pump 5 How many Na+ ions are moved out for each cycle of the Na+/K+ pump? a Four b Three c One d Two 6 What type of channels are open all the time in a resting neuron? a Ligand-gated channels b Leak channels c Voltage-gated channels d Mechanosensitive channels 7 What happens to the resting potential when K+ leaks out? a Membrane becomes more positive b Membrane depolarizes rapidly c Membrane becomes more negative d Membrane potential unchanged 8 What is depolarization? a Potassium leaks out more b Membrane potential moves toward zero c Membrane remains polarized d Potassium influx drives more negative 9 What channels open during stimulus-driven depolarization? a Leak Na+ channels b Stimulus-gated Na+ channels c Chloride channels d Voltage-gated K+ channels 10 What happens when stimulus-gated Na+ channels open? a Cl- enters b Na+ enters, depolarizing the cell c Na+ exits d K+ enters 11 What is the term for when the membrane potential moves toward zero? a Hyperpolarization b Repolarization c Depolarization d Polarization 12 What occurs during inhibition in terms of ions? a K+ channels open, more K+ leaves b Ca2+ channels close c Cl- exits the cell d Na+ channels open, Na+ enters 13 What is polarization of a membrane? a Membrane with no ions b Membrane with equal charge c Membrane without proteins d Membrane with a potential difference 14 Why is chloride largely restricted from crossing the neuron membrane? a Chloride is not an ion b Proteins inside repel Cl− c Cl− is pumped out actively d Chloride channels are abundant 15 Which ions can move efficiently across the neuron membrane? a Sulfate and bicarbonate b Magnesium and phosphate c Calcium and chloride d Sodium and potassium 16 What describes a gated channel? a Always open b Opens when the gate is triggered c Always closed d Never selective 17 Where are stimulus-gated channels commonly located in neurons? a Nodes of Ranvier b Initial segment only c Dendrites and soma d Axon terminals 18 What is the overall effect of opening stimulus-gated Na+ channels? a Hyperpolarization b K+ efflux dominates c No change in potential d Increased Na+ entry and depolarization 19 What describes the a Liquid potential b External charge only c Ground potential d Membrane potential sign indicates inside charge 20 What is the primary purpose of the membrane potential in neurons? a To enable electrical signaling b To store protein energy c To transport nutrients d To maintain pH only 21 What is another common name for an action potential? a electrical impulse b nerve impulse c neural spike d synaptic pulse 22 Where does an action potential travel in a neuron? a along the plasma membrane surface b through the cytosol c across the myelin sheath core d inside the nucleus 23 Which ion channel primarily causes depolarization by allowing Na+ to enter? a Calcium (Ca2+) channels b Sodium (Na+) channels c Potassium (K+) channels d Chloride (Cl-) channels 24 What is the typical trigger for voltage-gated Na+ channels during an action potential? a Membrane potential reaching threshold (around -59 mV) b Resting potential (-70 mV) c Spontaneous opening without stimulus d Hyperpolarization 25 What effect do Na+ channels have on membrane potential when they open? a Oscillate unpredictably b Decrease (more negative) c Increase (more positive) d no change 26 What role do K+ channels play during an action potential? a K+ ions diffuse out, decreasing membrane potential b K+ ions diffuse in, increasing potential c They do not affect membrane potential d They transport Na+ ions instead 27 How are voltage-gated K+ channels characterized in response timing? a No response b Rapid response to stimulus c Slow response d Immediate response 28 What stimulates the rapid response of Na+ channels besides a stimulus? a Heat b Light exposure c Mechanical stretch d Chemical stimulus (neurotransmitter) 29 During an action potential, what happens to membrane potential during depolarization? a Decrease to hyperpolarized state b Increase in membrane potential to threshold or beyond c No change in potential d Fluctuates randomly without pattern 30 What characterizes the overall sequence of ion movement during a typical action potential? a K+ influx causes depolarization followed by Na+ efflux b Only Na+ enters, no K+ movement c Na+ influx causes depolarization, then K+ efflux causes repolarization d Cl- movement dominates the process 31 What opens when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron? a Stimulus-gated Na+ channels b Voltage-gated K+ channels c Voltage-gated Na+ channels d Sodium-Potassium Pump 32 What is the threshold potential range that triggers voltage-gated Na+ channels? a About -70 mV to -80 mV b About -50 mV to -60 mV c About 0 mV to +10 mV d About -20 mV to -10 mV 33 Which event marks the peak of the action potential? a -70 mV b -55 mV c +30 mV d 0 mV 34 How long do voltage-gated Na+ channels stay open during an action potential? a About 10 milliseconds b About 100 microseconds c About 1 millisecond d About 5 milliseconds 35 Which channels open to initiate repolarization after the peak? a Stimulus-gated Na+ channels b Voltage-gated K+ channels c Sodium-Potassium Pump d Voltage-gated Na+ channels 36 Why does hyperpolarization occur after the action potential? a Na+ channels reopen b Ca2+ channels activate c Na+/K+ pump reverses polarity d K+ channels remain open too long 37 What happens if the local depolarization does not reach threshold? a Na+ channels still open b No action potential is produced c K+ channels close immediately d Action potential amplitude is reduced 38 What is the term for the self-amplifying process that creates the action potential once threshold is crossed? a Negative feedback b Oscillatory feedback c Positive feedback d Neutral feedback 39 What restores the resting potential after an action potential? a Sodium-Potassium Pump and ion channel return b Sodium channels remain open c Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels d Potassium pumps alone 40 What primarily causes the membrane to depolarize at the start of the action potential? a Inward diffusion of Na+ through stimulus-gated channels b Outward diffusion of Na+ through Na+ channels c Outward diffusion of K+ through K+ channels d Inward diffusion of Cl- Feedback 1 A membrane potential is the electrical difference maintained across the membrane. 2 RMP is usually around -70 mV, negative inside. 3 Na+ and K+ gradients are key; Cl- is largely blocked from crossing. 4 The Na+/K+ pump moves 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in. 5 The pump exports 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ into the cell. 6 Leak channels are always open, contributing to RMP. 7 K+ efflux tends to make inside more negative. 8 Depolarization means the inside becomes less negative. 9 Ligand/ stimulus opens Na+ channels to enter the cell. 10 Na+ influx reduces the membrane potential difference. 11 Depolarization reduces the magnitude of the membrane potential. 12 Opening K+ channels increases positive outside, more negative inside. 13 Polarized membranes have a voltage difference across them. 14 Intracellular anions like proteins repel Cl−, trapping Cl− outside. 15 Na+ and K+ are the primary permeant ions in neurons. 16 Gated channels open or close in response to stimuli. 17 These zones receive and integrate signals. 18 Na+ entry reduces the membrane potential difference. 19 Sign indicates whether inside is negative or positive. 20 Membrane potential drives nerve impulses along axons. 21 An action potential is also called a nerve impulse. 22 It propagates as an electrical fluctuation along the membrane surface. 23 Sodium channels opening leads to Na+ influx and membrane depolarization. 24 Threshold depolarization activates voltage-gated Na+ channels. 25 Opening Na+ channels makes the inside of the cell more positive. 26 K+ efflux makes the cell more negative, helping repolarization. 27 Voltage-gated K+ channels typically contribute a slower repolarization phase. 28 Neurotransmitters can rapidly trigger Na+ channel opening. 29 Depolarization is the rise toward a more positive potential, reaching threshold. 30 Na+ entry depolarizes; K+ exit repolarizes the membrane. 31 Stimulus-gated Na+ channels open first to allow Na+ influx and depolarization. 32 Threshold is typically around -50 to -60 mV, triggering Na+ channel opening. 33 Peak occurs when Na+ influx drives membrane potential to about +30 mV. 34 Na+ channels remain open briefly, around 1 ms, creating the all-or-none spike. 35 K+ channels open after Na+ influx, allowing outward diffusion to repolarize. 36 Excessive K+ efflux during repolarization can overshoot, causing after-hyperpolarization. 37 Without reaching threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels don’t open and AP isn’t produced. 38 Inflowing Na+ depolarizes further, opening more Na+ channels in a positive feedback loop. 39 Na+/K+ pump helps restore gradients and channels return to resting state. 40 Opening stimulus-gated Na+ channels allows Na+ influx, causing depolarization.

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Neurons and Resting Membrane PotentialsVersión en línea

por Anotida

What term describes the stored energy difference across a neuron's membrane?

What is the typical resting membrane potential (RMP) of a neuron?

Which ions are mainly involved in maintaining the resting potential?

Which pump actively maintains the Na+/K+ imbalance?

How many Na+ ions are moved out for each cycle of the Na+/K+ pump?

What type of channels are open all the time in a resting neuron?

What happens to the resting potential when K+ leaks out?

What is depolarization?

What channels open during stimulus-driven depolarization?

What happens when stimulus-gated Na+ channels open?

What is the term for when the membrane potential moves toward zero?

What occurs during inhibition in terms of ions?

What is polarization of a membrane?

Why is chloride largely restricted from crossing the neuron membrane?

Which ions can move efficiently across the neuron membrane?

What describes a gated channel?

Where are stimulus-gated channels commonly located in neurons?

What is the overall effect of opening stimulus-gated Na+ channels?

What describes the

What is the primary purpose of the membrane potential in neurons?

What is another common name for an action potential?

Where does an action potential travel in a neuron?

Which ion channel primarily causes depolarization by allowing Na+ to enter?

What is the typical trigger for voltage-gated Na+ channels during an action potential?

What effect do Na+ channels have on membrane potential when they open?

What role do K+ channels play during an action potential?

How are voltage-gated K+ channels characterized in response timing?

What stimulates the rapid response of Na+ channels besides a stimulus?

During an action potential, what happens to membrane potential during depolarization?

What characterizes the overall sequence of ion movement during a typical action potential?

What opens when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron?

What is the threshold potential range that triggers voltage-gated Na+ channels?

Which event marks the peak of the action potential?

How long do voltage-gated Na+ channels stay open during an action potential?

Which channels open to initiate repolarization after the peak?

Why does hyperpolarization occur after the action potential?

What happens if the local depolarization does not reach threshold?

What is the term for the self-amplifying process that creates the action potential once threshold is crossed?

What restores the resting potential after an action potential?

What primarily causes the membrane to depolarize at the start of the action potential?