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diagnostics

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radiology

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diagnostics
 

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diagnosticsVersión en línea

radiology

por Elah Gershon Rubin
1

william conrad ____ discovered radiation in 1895

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powerful invisible rays capable of penetrating substances

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the propagation of energy through space in the form of particles or waves

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process by which an atom gains or loses electrons to become a negatively or positively charged atom

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charged particle that is either positive or negative

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any type of radiation that is high in energy & capable of producing ions

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involves particles that have a mass & travel in straight lines; but cannot reach the speed of light

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included in particulate radiation

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included in particulate radiation

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included in particulate radiation

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included in particulate radiation

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included in particulate radiation

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electric & magnetic fields of energy that move through space in wave-like motion

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lowest level of energy in electromagnetic radiation

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2nd lowest level of energy in electromagnetic radiation

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low middle level of energy in electromagnetic radiation

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high middle level of energy in electromagnetic radiation

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2nd highest level of energy in electromagnetic radiation

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highest level of energy in electromagnetic radiation

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distance between peaks or crests of one wave to another

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wavelength that has a higher frequency & more energy

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wavelength that has low frequency & less energy

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power source of xray machines

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electrons flow in one direction

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electrons flow in 2 directions

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route electrical current takes

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mechanism used in an electrical circuit to increase or decrease voltage

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displays on-off switches, milliamperage, time & kilovoltage settings

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number of electrons per second

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force that moves electrons

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peak voltage of an alternating current

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kvp determines speed at which electrons are propelled from the ___

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kvp determines penetrating power of the x-ray beam called ____

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The K in KVp

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the V in KVp

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the P in KVp

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electrode controlled by mA settings

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emits electrons when heated; when mA is applied, electron cloud forms around it

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focuses the direction of electrons towards the anode

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positive electrode controlled by kVp settings

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spot where electrons hit to produce X-rays

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dissipates excessive heat, X-ray production results in the generation of x-rays & heat

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protective metal covering that contains the x-ray tube, high/low voltage transformers & insulating oil

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attaches to the tube head and directs X-ray beams to the object and him. can be in the shape of a cylinder or a rectangle

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during primary radiation the electron cloud forms in cathode around the filament within molybdenum cup by this

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electrons hit the tungsten target at anode & transform _____ into X-rays

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what x-ray photons leave X-ray tube as

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major source of x-rays produced in dentistry (70%)

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electrons from cathode dislodge electrons from inner orbital K/L shell of the tungsten atoms

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created because primary beams interact with an object, such as patients body

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type of scatter

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type of scatter

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type of scatter

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quantity of ionization in the air

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amount of radiation absorbed by object.

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absorbed dose adjusted to biological damage, potential of the radiation

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3mm shield that protects patients from non-productive scatter

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should always be protected as it is one of the most sensitive organs especially in the young

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film produces a 60% reduction in exposure

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plastic sheets coated with fluorescent material called phosphors

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convert photon energy into visible light

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measures exposure to radiation

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as low as reasonably acheivable

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dark areas produced by less dense structures that permit passage of Xrays

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light areas produced by denser structures as radiation has been absorbed by those structures

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part of the bone around the roots that is dense

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distance between X-ray tube & film

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FFD for a conventional machine

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FFD for a small portable machine

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total energy contained in the beam

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affected by mA, kVp, distance & exposure time

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increasing the mA, kVp, & time; while decreasing the distance will ____ the beam intensity

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decreasing the mA, kVp, & time; while increasing the distance will ____ the beam intensity

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can also be called darkness & is proportional to amperes, kVp & time

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difference between lighter & darker shades of grays on radiograph

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1st step of manual processing

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2nd & 4th steps of manual processing

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3rd step of manual processing

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5th step in manual processing

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image formed by xrays on the film but not visible yet

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reduces exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver

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softens film emulsion and speeds up action

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inhibits development of unexposed silver halide crystals

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prevents oxidation

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clears unexposed silver halide crystals

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shrinks & hardens emulsion

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keeps medium acidic and stops additional development

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reducing agent

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alkalizer

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restrainer

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preservative

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fixing agent

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hardener

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acidifier

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technique error due inappropriate horizontal angulation

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technique error due to too much vertical angulation

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technique error due to too little vertical angulation

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technique error due to bent film

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technique error due to cone cut

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technique error due to backward placement of film

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technique error due to backward placement of film

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technique error due to upside down focused grid

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technique error due to narrow collimation

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technique error due to improper grid settings

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technique error due to improper bucky settings or cassette placement

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technique error due to x-ray beam not centered, increased OFD & patient movement

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technique error due to high kVp or out of date film

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technique error due to kVp & mA too low

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technique error due to kVp & mA too high

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processing error due to overdevelopment & high temperature

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processing error due to under developing & low temperature

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processing error due to developing solution touching film before process

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processing error due to fixer solution touching film before process

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processing error due to exhausted solutions or insufficient washing

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processing error due to developer cutoff

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processing error due to fixer cut off

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processing error due to trapped air bubbles

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processing error due to low humidity & quick opening

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processing error due to improper safelight

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processing error due to fingernail pressure

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processing error due to cracked intensifying dessert

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