Relacionar Columnas Week 2 Cardiovascular System Diseases & Drug TherapyVersión en línea Heart diseases Brief anatomy of cardiovascular system Drug treatments Non pharmaceutical treatments por Audree Dulnuan 1 Systolic blood pressure 2 Action potential 3 Plant sterol esters 4 Ventricles 5 Garlic 6 Red yeast rice 7 Alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) 8 Vein 9 Feedback mechanisms 10 Artery 11 Repolarization 12 Diastolic blood pressure 13 Atria 14 Reading blood pressure 15 Depolarization Treats atherosclerosis, hypertension, skin fungal infections, & some cancers Electrical signal that causes cardiac muscle to contract Antioxidant for cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetic, neuropathy Carries blood from tissues back to the heart Flow of positively charged potassium ions out of the cell Receive blood brought to the heart from the veins Flow of positively charged sodium & calcium ions into the cell Pump blood to the lungs or other body tissues through the arteries Measures the pressure when the heart relaxes & fills Lowers LDL cholesterol Measures the pressure when the heart contracts & ejects blood Lowers cholesterol & improve cardiovascular health Carries blood away from the heart to the body Systolic over diastolic pressure Capacitance, Cardiac Output (CO), Peripheral vascular resistance, renin angiotensin 1 Beta-Blockers 2 Direct renin inhibitor 3 Thiazide diuretics 4 Calcium Channel Blockers 5 Alpha-blockers 6 (ACE) Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme 7 Hypertension 8 (ARBS) Angiotensin Receptors Blockers Aliskiren (Tekturna). Diarrhea, skin rash, don’t use pregnant. Ends w Pril. Hyperkalemia, hypotension Elevation of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, or both (called the silent killer) Ends w Pine, injections: diltiazem, verapamil. Bradycardia, nausea, constipation. Fluid retention Ends w Olol. acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol used in asthma & COPD Lowers blood pressure by eliminating sodium & water from the body Ends w Tan. Headache, dizzy, don’t use pregnant Beneficial in men w benign prostatic hypertrophy 1 Atropine 2 Beta-blockers & Calcium Channels Blockers 3 Sodium Channel Blockers (Class I Antiarrhyttmics 4 Potassium channel blockers (Class III Antiarrhythmics) 5 Flutter 6 Sinus rhythm 7 Bradycardia 8 Tachycardia 9 Arrythmia 10 Digoxin 11 Fibrillation Deviation from normal sinus rhythm Increased heart rate Large portions of heart beat out of sequence Low dose may worsen bradycardia, high dose may increase heart rate too much Decreased heart rate Also used w hypertension & arrhythmias Normal heart rhythm Ends w ide. Reserved for life threatening arrhythmias. Ends w one. Amiodarone: fatal toxicities to lungs, liver & heart. Dronedarone: not used w symptomatic heart failure Used in atrial flutter or fibrillation. Antidote is DigiFab Select portions of the heart beat slightly out of sequence 1 Anticoagulants, ACE, Beta-Blockers, Calcium Channel blockers 2 Nitrates 3 Chronic therapy 4 Acute MI 5 Myocardial infarction 6 Angina pectoris 7 Ranolazine (ranexa) Also used for hypertension, arrhythmias, & Angina except anticoagulants For chronic angina in combination w other drugs. Edema, palpitations, bradycardia When cardiac muscle is deprived of oxygen long enough that cells die or infarct Chest pain caused my myocardial ischemia Medical emergency: oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin ISDN, ISMN, nitroglycerin. Short acting: not swallowed, angina, MI. Long acting: angina attacks Anticoagulants, beta blockers, ACE, antihyperlipidemics, nitrates 1 ACE, Angiotensin Receptor, Beta Blockers 2 Heart failure 3 Digoxin 4 Hydralazine w nitrate 5 (ARNIS) Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitors 6 Aldosterone Antagonist 7 Loop diuretics Produce fast & profound diuresis by inhibiting reabsorption of sodium, chloride, & water in the kidneys Increase urine production by inhibiting the hormone aldosterone Also used in hypertension, arrhythmia, angina, & heart failure Also used in arrhythmias & heart failure Also used in agina & MI Sacubitril & Valsartan (Entresto). Not used pregnant, dizzy, falling The heart is no longer able to pump enough oxygen rich blood to meet the body’s need 1 Bile acid Sequestrants 2 Omega 3 fatty acids (epanova, lovaza, vascepa 3 HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) 4 High density lipoprotein (HDL) 5 Atherosclerosis 6 Low density lipoprotein (LDL) 7 Ezetimibe (zetia) 8 Fibril Acid Derivatives 9 Cholesterol Cholestyramine, colesevelam. Flu like symptoms, constipation Ends w statin. GI upset, muscle pain/ weakness. Increases blood glucose, myopathy, rhabdomyolysis Odourless, white, wax like, present in all animal food but not plant For hypertriglyceridemia. Bad breath, GI upset, caution w fish/ shellfish allergy Good cholesterol Lowers cholesterol inhibits absorption in small intestines. Respiratory infections, pain in joints, caution w liver/kidney disease fenofibrate, fenofibric, gemfibrozil. GI upset, muscle cramps. Not used w gallbladder problem Bad cholesterol Narrowing of arteries due to deposits of cholesterol & fat on their inner surfaces 1 Transient ischemic attack (TIA) 2 Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke 3 Ischemic stroke 4 Anticoagulants & anti platelets 5 Thrombolytics 6 Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) 7 Embolus 8 DVT symptoms 9 Hemorrhagic stroke 10 Thrombus 11 Pulmonary embolism (PE) Swelling, discolouration, pain Dissolved formed clots Blood vessel that supplies an area of the brain ruptured, bleeding in or around the brain Blood clot that circulates in the blood Blood clot obstructs a blood vessel supplying the brain, ischemia or infarction A piece of cloth that breaks off & travels to the lung or blocks arteries Interrupts oxygen supply to a localized area of the brain Brief interruption in blood flow to an area of the brain Blood clot that stays where it originated Formation of blood clot in one or more deep veins Reduces risk of blood clots: warfarin, heparin, aspirin, plavix 1 Antiplatelet agents 2 Thrombolytic Agents 3 Heparin & LMWH’s 4 Dabigatran (pradaxa) 5 Glycoprotein Antagonist 6 Mephyton Vitamin K or phytonadione 7 Vitamin K Antagonist 8 Factor Xa Inhibitors 9 Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Hemorrhage, risk of thrombotic events, antidote: idarucizumab Warfarin (coumadin) lessions, purple/blue toe syndrome, avoid alc & vitamin K High alert injections Epitifibatide: bleeding & thrombocytepenia. tirofiban: bleeding & hypersensitivity Clopidogrel (plavix) discontinue prior surgery risk of bleeding, ticagrelor, prasugrel Apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban. Antidote: andexanet Warfarin reversal Injections alteplase, tenecteplase, vomiting, allergy, arrhythmias, fever Bivalirudin (angiomax) headache, nausea, bleeding & back pain Deltaparin, enoxaparin. Bruising, bleeding, antidote: protamine sulfate
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