Memory Planning theory begrippen – MemoryspelVersión en línea Match de kernbegrippen uit de planningstheorie met korte definities. por Eva Works by explaining the outcome of places as being the product of four different rationalities: hierarchy, ind Any attempt to make stakeholders agree on a common future Modernism A broad process of change and direction of travel that highlights the shifts in the nature of contemporary planning Depoliticisation Focuses more on a series of techniques that defer and displace debate from planning into other, managerial or technical (post-political) arenas Explains and interprets reality and focuses on causal relationships and dependent and independent variables. Empirical theory Prescriptive theory Monorationality Social theory A movement promoting rational thought and social organization as a way to free humanity from superstition, arbitrary power, and irrationality How to go about things, or the means; How to act in this world. We should move beyond modernity and accept that there is no such thing as absolute truth Polyrationality Not only reflects upon society but can also shape it in a way that natural sciences cannot. Anti-progressive planning Postmodern planning Post-politicisation or post-politics Planning has the potential to oppress subordinate groups and is structurally devised to exert control and oppression Ideas we have that are not yet fully proven, we are working on it. (uncertain); Can this abstraction contribute to understanding? Proto theory Class I Reject a single, totalising way of knowing Complex adaptive systems (CAS); capable of transforming while remaining robust Circular or feedback of static groups or patterns; Oscillation between fixed states Class IV Science is not separate from society but is instead thoroughly political Simple representations and pictures of reality that do not always include hypotheses but are still testable. Actor-Network Theory (ANT) Neo-liberalism Linguistic analysis of situations and ideas leading to perspectives and critiques that might otherwise be lost. Post-structuralist Conceptual frameworks Class II Models Closed, yes or no, on or off, living or dead; Steady equilibrium state Class III Seeks to understand and explain the purpose and impacts of planning as a function of the capitalist mode of production Open, network, informal, chaotic; No predictable patterns or stability First order transition Complexity theory Communicative theory Hemegony Exogenous theory Policy makers cannot and do not think big Although capital is diverse and often in competition it nevertheless depends upon certain basic factors to enable it to create surplus value and profit Does not see planning issues as ‘realities’ in the outside world, they are seen as the abstract constructions of the various people involved Second order transition The subtle or overt dominance of one group’s power, culture, or worldview over others. Incrementalism The degree of complexity is seen as a measure for uncertainty City grows; grass turns into stone, farmland in turned into houses What happens trough time; moments of stability where a market place stays a market place Framing theories Draws upon empirical and metaphysical bases and is akin to some respects to the Kuhnian idea of paradigms Critical theory Structuralism The essence is to change society rather than simply understand and analyse it. Do not provide a holistic or general theoretical understanding of society but focus instead on a particular element of society Pluricentric governance Is in a way an implicit acceptance of uncertainty Scenario approach Horizontal governance The organisation and communication of, and participation in, decision-making and policy Subject-based, rational dimension (S) Unicentric approach focuses on resolving societal issues from a single central point of governance The choices made in the decision-making process Tries to respond to these weaknesses, although the issue is still taken as predefined, and the focus remains on content and goals. Multicentric approach does not focus so much on governance, but rather on the stimulation of societal progress through exchange by actors whose function is primarily that of market player Posited planners as professionals at the centre of the societal universe, pulling the levers of control. Intersubjective dimension (I) Central government and local actors/institutions are ‘interwoven’ and policy relating to societal development Communicative or participative approach Technical approach Vertical governance Object-oriented dimension (O) Takes the planning issue as predefined, and focuses on content and goals, resulting in blueprint planning The physical and social reality that could be subject to policy-based or planning based intervention, now or in the future Instrumentally rational approach Incrementalists’ planning Any action performed by individuals, groups or organisations that is designed to achieve goals in a systematic way by making and implementing choices and decisions Entity Command planning Assumes a more flexible organisation iwthin which obtaining full information and control is no longer a realistic option Emphasizes the planning process rather than the realisation of targets Corporate planning Is associated with strongly centralized systems of governmental power Planning-oriented action Emphasising the importance of the socio-political context, with a particular interest in the contradictions of capitalism and the victims this socio-political context allegedly produced Is “the exercise of human will, both in the conception of a preferred future and the implementation of the steps that are established to lead us to that future” External complexity Something that exists by itself Occurs under conditions where power to implement decisions resides in community forms of social organization and, consequently, is dispersed If the problem is linked to the contextual environment in which it arose, it is logical that influences from that environment will affect the problem and the assessment of the problem Policies planning Internal complexity Participant planning Radical social theory The coherence of the individual elements that form the object of study are perceived as complex and subject to change One event immediately produces another in a clear cause-and-effect chain. Scientific and objective methods; makes the crucial distinction between formal (means) and substantive (ends) rationality that systems planning fail to do. Remote causality Rational planning Conflates systems and rational planning into a broad category, with an overlap between the two areas of social and economic change; Includes both systems approach and rational planning approach Value rationality A cause leads to an effect indirectly, often through a delay or intermediate factors. Crisis Wertrational Direct causality Circular causality A rejection of positivist understandings and methodologies and embraces instead approaches that contextualise theories and disciplines in larger social and historical contexts. Goal rationality Causes and effects influence each other in a feedback loop, with no single starting point. A disruption that physically effects a system as a whole and threatens its basic assumptions, its subjective sense of self, its existential core Post-positivism Procedural planning theory (PPT) Zweckrational Ways to understand of and looking at the world Weltenshauungen Planners managed to proceed in the face of opposition through their self-belief in a comprehensive social planning Pluralism Rational decision Marxist theory A philosophical approach that defines truth and meaning by what works in practice and produces useful, practical results. A modern philosophical approach that judges ideas by their practical consequences and usefulness in real-life contexts rather than by objective or absolute truth. An acceptance that cities and regions are complex sets of connected parts, which are in constant flux The view that reality, truth, or society is shaped by multiple perspectives, values, or groups rather than a single dominant one. Urban areas and planning cannot be treated as objects of study separate from society Substantive rationality Bureaucratic evangelism Systems theory Concerned with means and efficiency; given ends and objectives, it will seek to meet those ends in the most efficient way Formal rationality Ironist The decision-maker considers all the alternatives open to them, identifies and evaluates all the consequences and selects the alternative of which the probable consequences would be preferable One who uses irony or the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning will speak and act in line with liberal philosophy Pragmatism Concerns ends and their evaluation. Reason and logic are still employed at the expense of instincts or tradition but clearly involve more than simply efficiency or effectiveness Neo-pragmatism Fuzzy models Radical pragmatism An instrument of the ruling class The repressive arm of the bourgeoisie A planning approach focused on representing and promoting the interests of marginalized or underrepresented groups in decision-making processes. The state is understood as providing a unity and cohesion of social formation by sanctioning class domination Where a planner recognises the unequal distribution of power and seeks to work toward alternatives Institutional change, resulting in hybrid governance systems that include different combinations of the various features of the coordinative, competitive and communicative models of governance A planning approach where stakeholders work together through dialogue and negotiation to reach shared decisions and solutions. A factor of cohesion Collaborative planning The state exists as an expression of the repressive might of the ruling class Advocacy planning The world had been reduced to one form of reasoning that excludes all others Rational choices concerning theories and beliefs about matters of fact An ideal collective capitalist Seen as providing the necessary interventions and conditions for capitalism to reproduce itself Sees the state as an instrument for enforcing and guaranteeing the stability of the class structure itself Nietzsche's modernism Instrumental rationalism Institution-Orient Action IEZ (integrated Environmental Zoning) Multi-objective approach Individuals are only able to express themselves as actors in an institutionalised environment, within which they participate according to predominant patterns of communication and interaction. Means attacking problems of planning in a rational, straightforward, systematic way, characterized by a number of attitudes which a systems analyst and designer should have An integral strategy should emphasise the different issues, among other things, and reflect the frameworks and preconditions of policy Innovative instrument based on shared responsibility Innovative instrument based on central environmental standards Systems analysis ROM-gebieden (designed Spatial Planning & Environment areas) Institutional networks The term ‘performance’ refers to the links between actors and institutions
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