Gas exchange & transfer

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Gas exchange & transfer

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M S

Reino Unido

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Gas exchange & transfer


Gas exchange & transferVersión en línea Gas exchange & transfer por M S 1 A 24-year-old man takes a deep breath before diving underwater. Which structure is primarily responsible for gas exchange in his lungs? a Trachea b Bronchi c Alveoli d Bronchioles e Pleura 2 An adult with pulmonary embolism develops hypoxaemia that improves with oxygen therapy. Which ventilation-perfusion mismatch does he likely have? a Physiological shunt b High V/Q (dead space) c Low V/Q (shunt) d Normal V/Q e Generalised bronchoconstriction 3 A 49-year-old develops progressive dyspnea and dry cough. CT shows diffuse interstitial fibrosis. What is the major reason for impaired oxygen transfer in this patient? a Decreased pulmonary blood flow b Reduced alveolar surface area c Thickens alveolar-capillary membrane d Low partial pressure gradient e High atmospheric pressure 4 A patient with pneumonia develops hypoxemia that does not improve with high-concentration oxygen therapy. Which underlying issue is most likely? a Intrapulmonary shunt b Increased anatomical dead space c Bronchodilation d Vascular dilation e Increased tidal volume 5 A healthy adult at rest has a pulmonary capillary transit time of 0.75 seconds. What prevents arterial hypoxemia under normal circumstances? a Small airway diameter b Rapid oxygen diffusion & equilibration c Airway turbulence d Excess alveolar dead space e Hypercapnic brochodilation 6 A child aspirates a small toy, leading to bronchial obstruction. What change occurs in the affected lung region? a Increased anatomical dead space b Increased airway radius c Increased physiological dead space d Decreased alveolar dead space e Reduced surface tension 7 A high-altitude mountaineer suffers dizziness due to hypoxaemia. What is the direct cause at altitude? a Increased PIO₂ (inspired oxygen) b Higher PAO₂ (Alveolar oxygen) c Lower atmospheric pressure d Enhanced membrane diffusion e Elevated CO₂ solubility 8 A 45-year-old woman with a history of deep vein thrombosis presents with sudden shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. Imaging reveals a pulmonary embolism obstructing her left pulmonary artery. What is the V/Q ratio in the affected region? a 0 b <1 c 1 d >1 e Infinity 9 A 60-year-old is found to have a tidal volume of 500 mL, a respiratory rate of 12/min, and a physiological dead space of 150 mL/breath. What is his alveolar ventilation per minute? a 4200 mL b 4800 mL c 6000 mL d 7200 mL e 3600 mL Feedback 1 The alveoli are the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system, characterised by thin epithelium and a rich capillary network for efficient diffusion of gases. 2 Pulmonary embolism causes alveoli to be ventilated but not perfused, resulting in high V/Q mismatch. Hypoxaemia here can be corrected by supplemental oxygen. 3 Pulmonary fibrosis increases diffusion distance (thicker membrane), slowing oxygen transfer into blood. 5 Oxygen equilibration across the respiratory membrane usually occurs well within the capillary transit time, preventing hypoxemia 6 A blocked airway creates alveolar dead space (ventilated, not perfused), increasing physiological dead space. 7 At altitude, atmospheric pressure drops, lowering inspired PO₂ and alveolar PAO₂, which diminishes the oxygen pressure gradient for diffusion. 8 With perfusion absent (Q=0), the V/Q ratio approaches infinity, as ventilation is present but no blood flow reaches alveoli. 9 Alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume – dead space) × respiratory rate = (500 – 150) × 12 = 4200 mL/min. This reflects effective gas exchange.

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Gas exchange & transfer

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Gas exchange & transferVersión en línea

por M S

A 24-year-old man takes a deep breath before diving underwater. Which structure is primarily responsible for gas exchange in his lungs?

An adult with pulmonary embolism develops hypoxaemia that improves with oxygen therapy. Which ventilation-perfusion mismatch does he likely have?

A 49-year-old develops progressive dyspnea and dry cough. CT shows diffuse interstitial fibrosis. What is the major reason for impaired oxygen transfer in this patient?

A patient with pneumonia develops hypoxemia that does not improve with high-concentration oxygen therapy. Which underlying issue is most likely?

A healthy adult at rest has a pulmonary capillary transit time of 0.75 seconds. What prevents arterial hypoxemia under normal circumstances?

A child aspirates a small toy, leading to bronchial obstruction. What change occurs in the affected lung region?

A high-altitude mountaineer suffers dizziness due to hypoxaemia. What is the direct cause at altitude?

A 45-year-old woman with a history of deep vein thrombosis presents with sudden shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. Imaging reveals a pulmonary embolism obstructing her left pulmonary artery. What is the V/Q ratio in the affected region?

A 60-year-old is found to have a tidal volume of 500 mL, a respiratory rate of 12/min, and a physiological dead space of 150 mL/breath. What is his alveolar ventilation per minute?

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