Relacionar Columnas PsychVersión en línea Psych 101 ALL NOTES (Besides 10/13/25 Notes) por Tia Acrey 1 ___ is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences. 2 Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs is said to be on a(n) ________ reinforcement schedule. 3 Classical Conditioning involves? 4 _ is a type of learning which a neutral stimulus brings about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. 5 Operant Conditioning Involves? 6 Psychologists use the term ________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. 7 Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model is known as: 8 ___ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest. 9 The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called: 10 ___ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. 11 What is Stimulus Generalization? 12 In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related? 13 Which of the following is TRUE of Stimulus Generalization? Classical Conditioning. A learning process where a new or untrained stimulus elicits the same response as a previously learned stimulus, due to their similarity Operant conditioning. The greater the similarity between two stimuli, the greater the likelihood of stimulus generalization. Observational Learning. Learning through association where a stimulus triggers an involuntary response. Continuous. Reinforcement. Learning. Extinction. The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. Learning through consequences where behavior is modified based on its outcome. Positively or negatively. Neutral. 1 What does the Axon do? 2 Which Lobe of the brain focuses on incoming information? 3 What two Cortex' run the frontal lobe? 4 In the 50's, what would Walter Freeman do? 5 What does the Hippocampus do? 6 At the end of the Axon is a bunch of ___? 7 Which Lobe is involved in visual information? 8 The Right Hemisphere receives information from? 9 What is the Endocrine System? 10 In between the Left and Right Hemispheres is the ___? 11 The Left Hemisphere receives information from? 12 Which Lobe focuses on outgoing information? 13 What is the chemical that's used to communicate between neurons? 14 Which Lobe is involved in Motor information? 15 What is Parkinson's disease is associated with? 16 Which Lobe is involved in sensory information? 17 Which Lobe is involved in Audible information? 18 What is Longitudinal Studies? 19 What does the Amygdala do? 20 Agonist is __? A lobotomy tour, and would take out part of a lobe of the brain with an icepick and give his patients brain damage. The prefrontal lobe. Chemicals stored into buttons which releases it into a gap between it and its next neuron. The gap is a Synapse; the chemical is Neurotransmitters. Occipital Lobe Sends information from one cell to another cell. The right side of the body. A series of glands that secrete hormones. Motor Cortex and Prefrontal Cortex. Bringing people in again and again, taking a long time for research. The left side of the body. Corpus Callosum; one whole brain and all information received is processed as one whole. The right identifies objects; the left names objects. The Frontal Lobe focuses on executive functions, using sensory information to make decisions. Processes fear and emotions tied to memories. Form new memories (especially episodic and spatial memories), spatial navigation, learning, and connecting memories with emotions. The Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital lobes distributes the task of interpreting and making sense of different types of sensory input. Frontal Lobe Temporal Lobe A drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter. Low levels of Dopamine Parietal Lobe Neurotransmitter 1 Albert Aimes created? 2 Color constancy is __? 3 When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on __; you are comparing the information in front of you with what's already stored in memory. 4 Recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) has found that the capacity of working memory is how many units of information? 5 A Bi-Stable Image is __? 6 What is a "Difference Threshold"? 7 Organization involves __? 8 Selections refers to __? 9 Interpretation involves __? 10 What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? 11 What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report? 12 What is Episodic Memory? 13 Perception is __? 14 What are the Main Optical Components? 15 An "Illusory Correlation" is? 16 What is An "Absolute Threshold"? 17 Human eyes can only detect? 18 What are the Main Neural Components? 19 Lightness constancy is __? 20 What is the retina is made up of? The smallest amount of energy a person can detect reliably. (50 percent of the time) There's enough energy for you to actively/immediately detect it. Collecting the information into some patterns. Explicit Memories (Active Memories) An image that can be interpreted in one of/or two possible ways. Information about events that we have personally/first-handedly experienced. Understanding the patterns. The Retina, Fovea, and Optic Nerve. Choosing which of many stimuli will be processed. Recognition Memory 4 plus or minus 1 units of information The reason why blue jeans still look blue no matter where you go or what light it's under. The color remains constant to our eyes. Neurons called rods and cones. When you see or remember a correlation and the memory is either incorrect or overemphasized because of the rarity or bizarreness of the event. The process of how the brain interprets sensation. Collecting information that involves understanding a pattern. The Cornea, The Lens, and The Iris. The Illusionary Room. An optical illusion that distorts a room to make it appear rectangular. What allows us to tell what's within dimly lit situations. Visible light. The difference in stimulation that a person can detect reliably. The act of rapidly changing enough to detect. 1 Other states of consciousness include? 2 What is an example of a Mnemonic Device? 3 When we lose sleep ....? 4 Melatonin is? 5 Stage four is? 6 Stages one to two are light sleep and three to four are deep sleep. During stage three, our cells __? 7 Cataplexy ... 8 Elaborative Rehearsal involves _____? 9 Sleep rebound is when? 10 Dopamine activity is associated with? 11 Hypnosis is? 12 How is an Explicit memory different from an Implicit memory? 13 Two main divisions of the nervous system are called? 14 Narcolepsy ... 15 Addictive drugs all cause? 16 Sleep debt is a result of? 17 What is the gap between neurons/neuro transmitters called? 18 Hypnagogic Hallucinations ... 19 A biological rhythm is? 20 We usually cycle through how many stages of sleep? Explicit memories, we actively try to remember and recall. Implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness, are built in/automatic. Involves an irresistible urge to fall asleep during waking hours. Often triggers by states of heightened arousal or stress. A sleep deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep. An extreme focus on the self that involves suggested changes of behavior and experience. Learning, mood, and reaction time are negatively affected. Insufficient sleep on a chronic basis. Using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes. Dopamine through the path of natural rewards. Are vivid, dream-like hallucinations. Thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory. The dream stage where our brains are most active, our eyes dart back and forth behind our closed lids as though we are awake. Is a cardinal symptom of narcolepsy, the loss of voluntary muscle tone while awake or in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. Synapse Reproduce the most to allow our bodies to repair itself. Four, at least five times through a night. An internal cycle of biological activity. CNS - Central Nervous System & PNS - Peripheral Nervous System Reward and craving, which results in it becoming extremely addicting. Hypnosis. A hormone found in the endocrine system. 1 What does the Frontal Lobe process? 2 What lobe of the brain processes vision? 3 Homeostasis is __? 4 Hypothalamus is ___? 5 What lobe of the brain has motor cortex? A region in the brain that serves as a control center for the feelings of temperature, hunger, stress, thirst and sleep by maintaining homeostasis. The process of which the brain self-regulates to maintain stable internal conditions in order for necessary survival. Occipital Lobe Motor Control, Personality, and Social Behavior. Frontal Lobe 1 A class of drugs that typically produces visual hallucinations is called ___. 2 The Amygdala process ___? 3 Which one of the following describes insomnia? 4 What Branch of psychology covers how we cope with stress? 5 Which dream theorist referred to dreams as "the royal road to the unconscious?" 6 What Branch studies conditioning? 7 Experiment is ___? 8 Dependent Variable is ___? 9 A central idea in the description of hypnosis is the word ___. 10 Independent Variable is ___? 11 The Central Nervous System is made up of ___? 12 What effect do opiates have on the body? 13 During which part of sleep are you most likely to dream? 14 Which one of the following describes narcolepsy? 15 The Electrical charge that sends information to another cell is called __? 16 The activation-synthesis theory proposes that ___. 17 Which of the following is the best definition of consciousness? 18 Case study is ___? 19 What does the Axon do? 20 Ernestine is undergoing treatment because she gets depressed every winter and her mood improves each spring. She's most likely diagnosed with ___. A research method that has one study. Fear. Action Potential. Consciousness is the awareness of oneself and the environment.. The Effect. Cause and Effect Behaviorism and Learning Sends information to another cell. Psychedelics typically produce visual hallucinations. Health Psychology REM sleep is characterized by eye movement, loss of muscle tone, and dreaming. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or actual sleep. Insomnia means having difficulty falling or staying asleep. Sigmund Freud is quoted to have referred to dreams as "the royal road to the unconscious." Suggestion. Critics say that not all dreams are as disjointed or as bizarre as the theory predicts. Seasonal affective disorder is caused by a lack of daily sunshine. Opiates are drugs derived from the opium poppy; they relieve pain and produce euphoria. The Brain and Spinal Cord. The Cause. The activation-synthesis theory proposes that the cortex tries to make sense of random neural activity by creating dream narratives. 1 Who invented psychotherapy? 2 Who is commonly called the first psychologist? 3 What is Sociocultural perspective? 4 What were Functionalists more interested in? 5 What is Phrenology? 6 What was the first year that a research laboratory was founded for psychology? 7 What is Psychoanalysis? 8 What is Basic psychology? 9 What is Functionalism? 10 What is psychology? 11 Who invented Structuralism? 12 Who was the first AMERICAN psychologist? What was founded by him? 13 What is the DEFINITION of psychology? 14 Who is commonly associated with classical conditioning? 15 In the field of psychology, information is based on what? 16 What is introspection? 17 What is a biological psychologist? 18 What is Introspection? 19 What is Structuralism? 20 What is Applied psychology? 1879 How mental activities helped organize environmental reactions. Sensation & Perception A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior. The operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts, which were the focus of structuralism. Greek for "study of the mind," is a pseudoscience relating bumps on the head to personality traits. The study of psychological issues that have DIRECT practical significance; also, the application of psychological findings. The process of examining one's own conscious experience. (Thinking) William James founded Functionalism Ivan Pavlov Sigmund Freud, though his methods were controversial The study of everything about the human experience from the basic workings of the human brain. Wilhelm Wundt Understanding the structure & characteristics of the mind through introspection. Empirical evidence because it's based on rigorous research. Psych=Soul Ology=Scientific study of Psychology=Scientific study of the mind & behavior A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy (originally formulated by Sigmund Freud) that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts. The study of how physical events interact with environmental events to produce memories, perceptions, and behavior. The study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application. Wilhelm Wundt 1 What is a Single-blind Study? 2 What is a Double-blind Study? 3 What is a hypothesis? 4 What is a "Correlation"? 5 What branch studies language development? 6 Inductive Reasoning 7 What is the Monster Test? 8 What is an Experimental Group? 9 What branch of psychology is interviewing employees? 10 What quote did Charles Darwin have about human adaptability? 11 What is an "Illusory Correlation"? 12 Why is learning Human Genetics important for Psychology Research? 13 What research method has one subject? 14 What branch studies therapy? 15 Why have certain genetic diseases not died off if natural evolution is theorized to make us adaptable? 16 Genotype vs. Phenotype? 17 Deductive Reasoning 18 What is the Milgram Experiment? 19 What was the Marshmallow Experiment? 20 What are Sensory Neurons? Human Development "It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is most adaptable to change." When you see or remember a relationship/correlation and the memory is either incorrect or overemphasized because of the rarity of the event. A relationship between two or more variables that are connected or related to each other. They can be both positive and negative. The study of relationships through obedience and authority. A lack of self choice and morality; more care of the command given. Case Study Industrial Organizational Psychology They put marshmallows in front of kids and told them not to eat it for 15mins. If they obeyed, they'd be rewarded with a second marshmallow. The group that is given whatever the test requires. An experiment which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments. (Controls for participant & experimenter expectations) An experiment which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group but participants do not. Conclusions are drawn from observations. Genotype refers to your specific genetic make up only. Whereas the Phenotype is whether or not we observe the characteristics. There can be carriers of only one copy of the gene, but non-effective to activate the disease. Which can also be caused environmentally. Human genetics would refer to nature rather than nurture. Studying human genetics helps with the basics of research. Results are predicted based on a general premise. The predictions of how the world will behave if the theory is correct. Usually an "if ___ , then ___ ." statement. And is falsifiable. Negative conditioning. When told you are lesser, you will perform lesser. "When you're expected to fail, you're more likely to." Communicate every sense from our outer body to our inner sensors and motors so that they can react accordingly. States of consciousness
Encontrar equivalencias entre unidades de medida
Empareja los nombres de las 7 maravillas del mundo moderno con su imagen al atardecer