Descriptive Epidemiology

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L7 Pt2

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Yasmin Esmaeili

Kuwait

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Descriptive Epidemiology


Descriptive EpidemiologyVersión en línea L7 Pt2 por Yasmin Esmaeili 1 Epidemiologic studies are classified into a Descriptive and Analytical b Descriptive and Experimental c Observational and Experimental d Observational and Analytical 2 Experimental Studies Include (Choose all) Choose one or more answers a Community Trial b Field Trial c Cohort d Randomized Controlled Trial e Case reports f Ecologic 3 Observational studies are split into ____ and _____ (Choose 2) Choose one or more answers a Analytical b Ecologic c Descriptive d Cross-sectional 4 Observation Descriptive involve (choose all) Choose one or more answers a Cohort b Case reports c Ecologic d Case-control e Cross sectional f Case-series 5 Observational Analytical involve (choose all) Choose one or more answers a Cross-sectional b Ecologic c Case-control d Cohort e Case-series f Case reports 6 Concerned with occurrence and distribution of disease a Experimental - Analytical b Observational - Analytical c Observational - Descriptive d Experimental - Descriptive 7 Determine causes of disease (etiologies studies) a Experimental - Analytical b Observational - Analytical c Observational - Descriptive d Experimental - Descriptive 8 Deliberate manipulation of the cause (exposure) to determine the subsequent effect a Experimental - Analytical b Observational - Analytical c Observational - Descriptive d Experimental - Descriptive 9 Choose all that describes “Descriptive” Choose one or more answers a Who, where, when b Relies on preexisting data c Rely on development of new data d Used when little is known about the disease e Why f Illustrates potential associations 10 Choose all that describes “Analytical” Choose one or more answers a Who, where, when b Used when insight about various aspects of disease is available c Rely on development of new data d Evaluates the causality of associations e Why f Illustrates potential associations 11 Classifying descriptive studies according to study unit, which are _____ and ______ (choose 2) Choose one or more answers a group-level data b Individual-level data c Sample-level data d Population-level data (don’t have access to individual data) 12 Case report and Case series are a Population-level data b Individual-level data 13 Ecological studies (Correlational studies) a Individual-level data b Population-level data 14 Cross sectional studies are a Individual-level data b Population-level data 15 Ecologic studies focus on the comparison of ____, rather than ______ a Individuals, groups b Groups, individuals c Person, population d Population, person 16 Unit of analysis for ecologic study is a Populations/groups b Individual/population c Populations/individuals d Individuals/groups 17 The main question that ecologic studies try to investigate is whether the groups/regions with ______ of exposure are also the ones with ________ a low rates, low disease rates b High rates, low disease rates c low rates, high disease rates d High rates, high disease rates 18 Is the country with highest rate of smoking the one with the highest rate of lung cancer? a Case series studies b Cohort studies c Ecologic studies d Cross-sectional studies 19 Advantages of ecologic studies are (choose all) Choose one or more answers a May prompt further investigation, suggest new hypotheses b Usually relies on easily available existing data c Quick, easy, and inexpensive d Easy to conclude information and no further investigation is required e We can target high-risk populations, time- period, or geographic regions for future studies f Can target low-risk populations and groups 20 Disadvantages of ecologic studies are (choose all) Choose one or more answers a Hypothesis is not reliable b Inability to control for confounding variables c Bc data are reported for groups, we cannot link disease and exposure in individuals d Cant create new confounding variables e Ecologic fallacy: what we observe at a population/group level might not be true at the individual level 21 Case reports are accounts of ____ occurrence of a _____ health-related condition or small collection (only few cases) of such events a single, rare b multiple, rare c multiple, common d Single, common 22 Case series reports is a large collection of cases of disease, often ____ (aggregated) consecutively and listing _____ features such as characteristics of affected patients a grouped, rare b grouped, common c separated, common d separated, rare 23 Case reports and Case series advantages are a We cannot tests for statistical association bc there is no relevant comparison group (we only have people with the disease) b We cannot aggregate (group) cases from disparate sources to generate hypotheses and describe new syndromes/disease c We can aggregate (group) cases from disparate sources to generate hypotheses and describe new syndromes/disease d We can tests for statistical association bc there is no relevant comparison group (we only have people with the disease) 24 Case reports and Case series disadvantages are a We cannot tests for statistical association bc there is no relevant comparison group (we only have people with the disease) b We cannot aggregate (group) cases from disparate sources to generate hypotheses and describe new syndromes/disease c We can aggregate (group) cases from disparate sources to generate hypotheses and describe new syndromes/disease d We can tests for statistical association bc there is no relevant comparison group (we only have people with the disease) 25 Cross-sectional studies are also called ______ studies a Incidence b Prevalence 26 In cross-sectional study, both the ____ and ___ are measured at the same time a Risk, sample size b Risk, disease c Exposure, sample size d Exposure, disease 27 Cross-sectional studies are conducted to collect _______ data. In the case of incomplete or no pre-existing data. a Secondary b Primary c Old d Individual 28 Cross-section studies are a ____ (one-time) assessment of the current burden of a health related condition in the population _______ a Snapshot, at a given time b Reoccurring, at multiple times c Snapshot, at multiple times d Reoccurring, at a given time 29 The prevalence of asthma among high school students in Kuwait was found to be 10% during the year 2007. a Ecologic studies b Case series c Case report d Cross-sectional studies 30 Cross-sectional (Study design): 4 groups can be formed in a cross-sectional study based on exposure and disease status (choose all) Choose one or more answers a Risk factor, disease developing b No risk factor, No disease present c Risk factor, No disease present d No risk factor, Disease present e No risk factor, disease developing f Risk factor, Disease present 31 Cross-sectional studies advantages are (choose all) Choose one or more answers a Helpful to determine prevalence of common diseases, P = I x D b Can not determine if disease occurred before or after exposure so temporality can not be established c Provide a snapshot of the general/target population so not only those seeking medical care are included d Provide guidance to develop hypothesis and health care planning 32 Disadvantage of cross sectional study is the we can’t determine if the disease occurred before or after exposure bc both are measured at the same time, so no temporality can be established a True b False 33 Descriptive data describes patterns of disease occurrence, in terms of (choose all) Choose one or more answers a Where rates are highest and lowest b Who get sick and/or who does not c Temporal patterns of disease d Public health administrators e Epidemiologists 34 Descriptive studies data is useful for (choose all) Choose one or more answers a Rates of disease frequency b Public health administrators (for allocation of resources) c Temporal pattern of disease d Epidemiologists (first step in risk factor determination) 35 Descriptive studies use what as sources of Info (choose all) Choose one or more answers a Vital statistical record (birth/death certificates) b Clinical record c Census data and cross-sectional studies d Patient personal life situation e National figures on food consumption, medications, etc. f Employment health examinations

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Descriptive EpidemiologyVersión en línea

por Yasmin Esmaeili

Epidemiologic studies are classified into

Experimental Studies Include (Choose all)

Observational studies are split into ____ and _____ (Choose 2)

Observation Descriptive involve (choose all)

Observational Analytical involve (choose all)

Concerned with occurrence and distribution of disease

Determine causes of disease (etiologies studies)

Deliberate manipulation of the cause (exposure) to determine the subsequent effect

Choose all that describes “Descriptive”

Choose all that describes “Analytical”

Classifying descriptive studies according to study unit, which are _____ and ______ (choose 2)

Case report and Case series are

Ecological studies (Correlational studies)

Cross sectional studies are

Ecologic studies focus on the comparison of ____, rather than ______

Unit of analysis for ecologic study is

The main question that ecologic studies try to investigate is whether the groups/regions with ______ of exposure are also the ones with ________

Is the country with highest rate of smoking the one with the highest rate of lung cancer?

Advantages of ecologic studies are (choose all)

Disadvantages of ecologic studies are (choose all)

Case reports are accounts of ____ occurrence of a _____ health-related condition or small collection (only few cases) of such events

Case series reports is a large collection of cases of disease, often ____ (aggregated) consecutively and listing _____ features such as characteristics of affected patients

Case reports and Case series advantages are

Case reports and Case series disadvantages are

Cross-sectional studies are also called ______ studies

In cross-sectional study, both the ____ and ___ are measured at the same time

Cross-sectional studies are conducted to collect _______ data. In the case of incomplete or no pre-existing data.

Cross-section studies are a ____ (one-time) assessment of the current burden of a health related condition in the population _______

The prevalence of asthma among high school students in Kuwait was found to be 10% during the year 2007.

Cross-sectional (Study design): 4 groups can be formed in a cross-sectional study based on exposure and disease status (choose all)

Cross-sectional studies advantages are (choose all)

Disadvantage of cross sectional study is the we can’t determine if the disease occurred before or after exposure bc both are measured at the same time, so no temporality can be established

Descriptive data describes patterns of disease occurrence, in terms of (choose all)

Descriptive studies data is useful for (choose all)

Descriptive studies use what as sources of Info (choose all)

Observational studies are split into and _ (Choose 2)

Classifying descriptive studies according to study unit, which are _ and __ (choose 2)

Ecologic studies focus on the comparison of , rather than __

The main question that ecologic studies try to investigate is whether the groups/regions with of exposure are also the ones with __

Case reports are accounts of occurrence of a _ health-related condition or small collection (only few cases) of such events

Case series reports is a large collection of cases of disease, often (aggregated) consecutively and listing _ features such as characteristics of affected patients

In cross-sectional study, both the __ and _ are measured at the same time

Cross-section studies are a (one-time) assessment of the current burden of a health related condition in the population ___