Mucous
membrane
lines
the
respiratory
system
.
At
openings
,
such
as
the
mouth
,
epithelial
tissue
provides
extra
layers
to
withstand
abrasion
.
The
majority
of
the
respiratory
system
is
lined
with
epithelial
tissue
,
which
features
tiny
hair
-
like
projections
called
that
sweep
away
debris
or
particulates
trapped
by
mucous
.
At
alveoli
,
epithelial
tissue
allows
for
easy
diffusion
of
gases
.
Within
the
urinary
system
,
the
ureter
and
bladder
are
lined
with
epithelium
.
This
allows
for
stretching
and
contracting
as
the
bladder
and
ureter
fill
and
drain
.
are
commonly
known
as
nose
hairs
.
,
also
known
as
turbinates
,
warm
and
humidify
the
air
we
breathe
.
This
structure
is
supported
by
and
cartilage
.
are
secondary
lymphatic
organs
found
in
the
oropharynx
.
The
tonsils
,
also
known
as
adenoids
,
are
located
in
the
nasopharynx
.
amplify
the
sound
of
noise
produced
by
the
by
acting
as
a
resonance
chamber
.
Type
cells
secrete
a
substance
called
,
which
the
surface
tension
of
water
.
This
compliance
.
The
nerve
has
sensory
and
motor
function
in
ventilation
.
It
(
1
)
monitors
and
(
2
)
tells
muscle
in
the
passages
to
.
The
nerves
supply
the
internal
and
external
muscles
,
and
the
nerve
supplies
the
diaphragm
.
The
can
be
found
at
the
superior
peak
of
each
lung
,
while
the
can
be
found
at
the
side
nearest
the
diaphragm
.
The
left
lung
has
lobes
while
the
right
lung
has
lobes
.
The
notch
is
found
on
the
left
lung
.
The
primary
bronchus
is
shorter
,
wider
,
and
vertical
,
while
the
primary
bronchus
is
longer
,
narrower
,
and
more
horizontal
.
Pressure
is
normally
within
the
pleural
cavity
than
within
the
intrapulmonary
space
.
This
creates
a
suction
-
cup
like
adhesive
effect
that
keeps
the
lungs
in
contact
with
the
thoracic
wall
.
Loss
of
this
pressure
,
known
as
a
,
can
result
in
,
commonly
known
as
a
collapsed
lung
.
respiration
describes
gas
exchange
between
the
lungs
and
the
blood
,
while
respiration
refers
to
gas
exchange
between
the
blood
and
tissues
.
This
exchange
is
determined
by
gradients
,
primarily
of
and
,
and
always
diffuses
from
partial
pressure
to
partial
pressure
.
When
hemoglobin
binds
to
oxygen
,
it
is
called
.
Hemoglobin
binds
to
oxygen
using
the
within
its
heme
groups
,
and
can
ultimately
carry
up
to
O2
molecules
at
a
time
.
Hemoglobin's
affinity
for
oxygen
can
raise
and
lower
when
the
partial
pressures
of
or
change
,
as
well
as
when
changes
.
In
tissues
,
where
partial
pressure
of
oxygen
is
low
,
oxygen
has
a
affinity
for
hemoglobin
causing
it
to
"
hop
"
to
be
used
.
In
the
,
where
affinity
is
the
highest
,
oxygen
is
"
hopping
"
to
the
hemoglobin
due
to
the
partial
pressure
of
oxygen
being
in
the
blood
than
in
the
alveoli
.
Around
of
carbon
dioxide
is
converted
to
bicarbonate
.
When
carbon
dioxide
enters
RBCs
,
an
enzyme
called
rapidly
combines
it
with
to
form
,
which
then
splits
into
and
a
ion
.
These
leftover
ions
are
primarily
buffered
by
.
In
the
plasma
,
proteins
such
as
albumin
also
buffer
hydrogen
ions
.
To
re
-
establish
the
gradient
within
the
cell
,
most
of
the
leaves
and
enters
the
in
exchange
for
a
ion
.
Around
of
the
carbon
dioxide
binds
to
the
amino
group
within
the
hemoglobin
.
When
hemoglobin
binds
to
carbon
dioxide
as
such
,
it
is
called
.
The
last
10%
is
dissolved
in
plasma
.
Affinity
increases
(
?
)
when
:
PO2
PCO2
pH
temperature
Affinity
decreases
(
?
)
when
:
PO2
PCO2
pH
temperature
affinity
makes
oxygen
want
to
bind
to
hemoglobin
affinity
makes
oxygen
want
to
detach
from
hemoglobi
n
The
average
pH
of
arterial
blood
is
.
If
you
build
up
carbon
dioxide
,
your
pH
would
become
more
.
To
compensate
,
respiratory
rate
would
.
The
normal
PCO2
in
blood
is
between
35
and
45
mmHg
.
If
it
is
below
this
range
,
it
is
called
respiratory
alkalosis
.
If
it
is
above
this
range
,
it
is
called
respiratory
acidosis
.
is
formed
when
carbon
dioxide
dissolves
in
water
.
This
is
a
weak
and
would
have
a
neutralizing
effect
on
a
strong
when
introduced
by
donating
hydrogen
ions
to
form
bicarbonate
.
Bicarbonate
is
a
weak
.
This
would
have
a
neutralizing
effect
on
a
strong
when
introduced
by
accepting
hydrogen
ions
to
form
carbonic
acid
.
This
then
converts
to
H20
+
CO2
to
be
exhaled
.
Our
bodies
store
bicarbonate
than
carbonic
acid
.
ATP
usage
produces
hydrogen
ions
that
need
to
be
buffered
.
By
having
bicarbonate
,
hydrogen
ions
can
be
accepted
,
keeping
pH
regulated
.
,
the
plasma
protein
largely
responsible
for
blood
osmotic
pressure
,
acts
as
a
buffer
in
this
way
.
In
the
bladder
,
layers
of
muscle
form
the
walls
.
These
come
together
to
form
the
muscle
.
The
folds
within
the
bladder
are
called
.
The
reflex
that
regulates
urine
release
is
called
.
The
movement
that
moves
urine
down
the
ureter
to
the
urethra
is
called
.
The
kidney
has
3
capsules
.
The
outermost
is
the
capsule
,
the
middle
is
the
capsule
,
and
the
innermost
is
called
.
The
kidney
is
located
between
and
vertebrae
.
The
filtering
structures
found
in
the
cortex
of
the
kidney
are
called
.
In
the
visceral
layer
of
Bowman's
capsule
,
form
a
filtration
membrane
using
feather
-
like
extensions
through
fenestrations
.
The
glomerulus
and
Bowman's
capsule
together
are
referred
to
as
the
.
The
structures
that
collect
and
drain
urine
down
the
renal
pyramids
are
called
,
and
are
either
major
or
minor
.
These
drain
into
the
.
Nephrons
can
either
be
,
which
have
shallow
loops
of
Henle
,
or
,
which
border
the
saltiest
region
of
the
kidney
and
have
deep
loops
of
Henle
.
While
we
have
far
cortical
nephrons
than
juxtamedullary
,
nephrons
play
a
more
significant
role
in
water
conservation
.
|
Crear