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IGCSE BIO: Chapter 20 Part 2

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IGCSE BIO: Chapter 20 Part 2

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IGCSE BIO: Chapter 20 Part 2

IGCSE BIO: Chapter 20 Part 2

Tharwat A
1

gene chromosome human Genetic insulin within

modification of bacteria to produce human
The gene that is to be inserted is located in the original organism ? the for insulin production is located a

2

Restriction out ends unpaired

enzymes are used to isolate or ? cut ? the human insulin gene , leaving it with ? sticky ? ( a short section of bases )

3

restriction bacterial sticky ends

A plasmid is cut by the same enzyme leaving it with corresponding ( plasmids are circles of DNA found inside bacterial cells )

4

ligase same single matching molecule

If two pieces of DNA have sticky ends ( because they have been cut by the restriction enzyme ) , DNA will link them to form a , unbroken of DN A

5

recombinant multiply express copied

When the bacteria reproduce the plasmids are as well and so a plasmid can quickly be spread as the bacteria and they will then all the human insulin gene and make the human insulin protei n

6

fermenter conditions quickly large

The genetically engineered bacteria can be placed in a to reproduce in controlled and make quantities of the human protei n

7

wheat resistant additional weeds poison bacterium nutritional crop gene resistant herbicides drought sprayed

Crops can be genetically modified ( they are known as GM crops )

Crop plants , such as and maize , have been genetically modified to contain a from a that produces a that kills insects , making them to insect pests such as caterpillars . This can improve crop yields

Crop plants have also been genetically modified to make them resistant to certain ( chemicals that kill plants ) , meaning that when the herbicide is on the crop it only kills and does not affect the plant

Some crops have been genetically modified to produce vitamins and improved value , eg . ? golden rice ? contains genes from another plant and a bacterium which make the rice grains produce a chemical that is turned into vitamin A in the human body , which could help prevent deficiency diseases in certain areas of the world

Some have been genetically modified to be - ( to grow better in very dry conditions ) . This can also improve crop yield s

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