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Theories about Semantics

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Semantics theories

Theories about Semantics

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1

Semantics features Semantics feature Semantic semantic features features

is the basic unit of meaning in a word .

2

Referent reference Reference referent

of an expression is often a thing or a person in the world .

3

reference Reference referent Referent

of a word or a linguistic expression is the relationship between that word or expression and the thing , the action , the event , the quality , etc . it refers to .

4

Denotation denotation denotative Dennotation dennotative denotation Denotative Dennotative

( also called denotative meaning ) of a word is the core of central meaning of the word found in a dictionary .

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meaning Dennotative dennotative dennotation denotative Denotative Denotative meaning denotation

denotation ( also called ) of a word is the core of central meaning of the word found in a dictionary .

6

connotation connotative Connotation connotative meaning conotation

( also called connotative meaning ) of a word is the additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning . It shows people's emotions and / or attitudes towards what the word refers to .

7

Connotation conotative meaning connotative meaning connotation

connotation ( also called ) of a word is the additional meaning that the word has beyond its denotative meaning . It shows people's emotions and / or attitudes towards what the word refers to .

8

Homography Homophony hyponyms Hyponymy hyponymy

is a sense relation in which the sense of a word is included in the sense of another word .

9

homography hyponyms hyponymy Hyponymy homophony

is the relationship between each of the hyponyms and its superordinate .

10

synonymy homography antonymy Homography homophony Synonymy

is a sense relation in which various words have different ( written and sound ) forms but have the same or nearly the same meaning .

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antonymy Antonymy

is a relation in which two words have different ( written and sound ) forms and are opposite in meaning .

12

Homonymy homonymy

is a relation in which various words have the same ( written and sound ) form but have different meanings .

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homophony Homophony

is a relation in which various words have the same sound form but have different meanings and written forms .

14

Homography homography

is a relation in which various words are pronounced the same , but are not be spelled the same and have different meanings .

15

polysemy Polysemy

is a sense relation in which a single word has two or more slightly different but closely related meanings .

16

literal meaning Literal meaning

is the basic or usual meaning of a word .

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figurative meaning Figurative meaning

The of a word create vivid mental images to readers or listeners .

18

Propositon proposition

A is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some state of affairs .

19

Sentence sentence

A conceived abstractly , a string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language .

20

Utterance utterance

An is the use by a particular speaker , on a particular occasion , of a piece of language , such as a sequence of sentences , or a single phrase , or even a single word .

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analytic Analytic sentence sentence

An is one that is necessarily true , as a result of the senses of the words in it .

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contradiction contradiction Contradiction contradictory contradictory sentence

A is a sentence that is necessarily false , as a result of the sense of the words in it . Thus a is in a way the opposite of an analytic sentence .

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contradictory Contradictory sentence sentence

A is a sentence that is necessarily false , as a result of the sense of the words in it .

24

presupposition

Presupposition is " what a speaker or writer assumes that receiver of the message already knows " .

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implicature Conservational conservational implicature

promises to bridge " the gap between what is literally said and what is conveyed "

26

smile Simile simile

is " the use of comparision of one thing with another "

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personification Personification

is a speacial kind of metaphor in which some human characteristic is attributed to an inanimate object or an abstract notion ; that is , a lifeless thing or quality is stated as if it were living .

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Metaphor metaphor

is the use of a word or phrase to indicate something different from ( through related in some way to ) the literal meaning .

29

Metonymy metonymy

is the subsitution of the name of one thing for that of another to which it is related / with which it is associated .

30

Synecdoche synecdoche

is a special kind of metonymy in which " a part of aspect of a person , object , etc . is meant to refer to the whole person , object , ect .

31

Hyperbole hyperbole

is the use of " exaggerated statement that is made for special effect and is not meant to be taken literall y

32

overstatement Overstatement

is the use of " exaggerated statement that is made for special effect and is not meant to be taken literall y

33

Irony irony

is the " expression of one's meaning by saying the direct opposite of one's thoughts in order to be emphatic , amusing , sarcastic , etc .

34

euphemism Euphemism

is the use of pleasant , mild , or indirect words or phrases in place of more accurate or direct ones .

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