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FUNPHYS 18: Radiation Safety (p2)

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-Discuss the interactions of decay products with biological tissue.
-Differentiate between the photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, pair production & pair annihilation.
-Demonstrate the role of the radioactive decay equation in calculations of half life.
-Differentiate between; activity, Becquerel, the Curie absorbed dose and quality factor.

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physics
health
radiation
 Edad recomendada: 18 años
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Zainab Nabeel
Zainab Nabeel
Bahréin
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FUNPHYS 18: Radiation Safety (p1)

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FUNPHYS 18: Radiation Safety (p2)Versión en línea

-Discuss the interactions of decay products with biological tissue. -Differentiate between the photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, pair production & pair annihilation. -Demonstrate the role of the radioactive decay equation in calculations of half life. -Differentiate between; activity, Becquerel, the Curie absorbed dose and quality factor.

por Zainab Nabeel
1

Since rays originate in a nuclear process , rather than an process , they tend to have larger energies than x - rays .

Photons do not produce large amounts of ionization directly : instead , they lose their energy to electrons , which in turn cause further secondary ionization ( similar to - ) .

gamma ray and x - ray photons transfer energy to the electrons by 3 processes :
1 - Photoelectric Effect ( Energy < 0 . 1 MeV )
2 - ( Energy up to 1 MeV )
3 - Pair Production ( Energy > 1 . 02 MeV )

The characteristics of the ionization produced by b - decay electrons and those produced by gamma rays and x - rays are the same .

So what are the differences between the effects of b - particles and energetic photons ? ?
The high energy photons ( gamma and x - rays ) can penetrate to much greater depths ( i . e . 1 . 2 MeV gamma rays from 60 - Co decay can penetrate to about 10 cm in tissue ! ! )

g - rays penetrate much deeper into matter because they have no electric charge , and therefore do not lose energy until they produce or Compton electrons ( and it's these secondary electrons that produce the damaging ionization ) .

Consequently , the effect on internal organs will be much greater due to the deeper penetration of x - rays and gamma rays .

Neutrons are and do not produce ionization directly when passing through matter . Because they have no charge , they tend to with atomic nucleii rather than atomic electrons , and are slowed down by elastic scattering from the nucleii ( i . e . collisions ) . 2 things happen :
a ) The nucleus & moves . It has a net positive charge and can cause ionization .
b ) Once the neutron has slowed down to ~ 1 eV energy , it has a high probability of being by a nucleus ( often followed by a gamma ray emission ) .

The degree of penetration of a - , b - particles , and gamma rays depends on the charge , mass , and speed of the different types of radiation , as well as the physical of the material ( i . e . density , etc . ) . Since a - particles are heavy , slow - moving , charged particles they can be stopped within a cm of air , or by a thin sheet of paper . b - particles are much less massive and are charged , so they can travel a few meters in air or a few mm in aluminum before being stopped ! gamma rays are high speed photons with no mass or charge and are therefore much more penetrating than a - or b - particles . They can penetrate up to several cm of high density material such as .

The disintegration of a radioactive nucleus within a group of similar nucleii is a completely random process .

However , after a certain period of time , half of the parent ( radioactive ) nucleii present in the substance will have decayed .

After the same period of time , half of the remaining nucleii will have and so on .

This period of time ( where half of the nucleii decay ) is known as the Half life ( T1 / 2 ) . Ex . The radioactive isotope 131 - I has a half life of 8 days . Regardless of how many 131 - I nucleii are present initially , only half as many will remain after 8 days .

Radioactive half lives can vary from a fraction of a second to billions of years ! !

All organs within the body will excrete or remove any foreign material ( e . g . the natural of medicinal drugs ) . The Biological Half Life of any element is the time taken for - of the original amount of material present within the body to be removed or excreted . Hence , in relation to radionuclides used in medicine we can define the Half Life , which takes into account BOTH the radioactive and half lives of the radionuclide :
1 / T ( effective ) = 1 / T ( / ) ( radioactive ) + 1 / T ( 1 / 2 ) ( biological )
Note : The Effective Half Life of any is ALWAYS less than either the radioactive or the biological half lives on their own .

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