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How Does Math Guide our Ships at Sea?

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Thuy Tran
Thuy Tran
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How Does Math Guide our Ships at Sea?

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Thuy Tran
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important calculations developed England Creativity calculating logarithms missing castle sextant clockmaker reluctant distance inventions

As you can imagine , 400 years ago , navigating the open ocean was difficult . The winds and currents pushed and pulled ships off course , and so sailors based their directions on the port they left , attempting to maintain an accurate record of the ship ? s direction and the sailed . This process was known as dead reckoning , because being just half a degree off could result in sailing right past the island that lay several miles just over the horizon . This was an easy mistake to make .
Thankfully , three made modern navigation possible : sextants , clocks and the mathematics necessary to perform the required calculations quickly and easily . All are important . Without the right tools , many sailors would be to sail too far from the sight of land .
John Bird , an instrument maker in London , made the first device that could measure the angle between the sun and the horizon during the day , called a . Knowing this angle was , because it could be compared to the angle back in England at the exact same time . Comparing these two angles was necessary to determine the longitude of the ship .
Clocks came next . In 1761 , John Harrison , an English and carpenter , built a clock that could keep accurate time at sea . The timepiece that could maintain accurate time while on a pitching , yawing deck in harsh conditions was necessary in order to know the time back in .
There was one catch though : since such a timepiece was handmade , it was very expensive . So an alternate method using lunar measurements and intense calculations was often used to cut costs . The to determine a ship ? s location for each measurement could take hours .
But sextants and clocks weren ? t useful unless sailors could use these tools to determine their position . Fortunately , in the 1600s , an amateur mathematician had invented the piece .
John Napier toiled for more than 20 years in his castle in Scotland to develop , a calculation device . Napier ? s ideas on logarithms involved the form of one over E and the constant 10 to the seventh power .
Algebra in the early 1600s was not fully , and Napier ? s logarithm of one did not equal zero . This made the calculations much less convenient than logarithms with a base of 10 . Henry Briggs , a famous mathematician at Gresham College in London , read Napier ? s work in 1614 , and the following year made the long journey to Edinburgh to meet Napier .
Briggs showed up unannounced at Napier ? s door and suggested that John switch the base and form of his logarithms into something much simpler . They both agreed that a base of 10 with the log of one equal to zero would greatly simplify everyday calculations . Today we remember these as Briggs Common Logarithms .
Until the development of electric machines in the 20th century , any calculations involving multiplication , division , powers , and extraction of roots with large and small numbers were done using logarithms . The history of logarithms isn ? t just a lesson in math . There were many players responsible for successful navigation . Instrument makers , astronomers , mathematicians , and of course sailors .
isn ? t only about going deep into one ? s field of work , it ? s about cross - pollination between disciplines too .

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