This
is
a
thought
experiment
:
Let's
say
at
some
point
in
the
not
so
distant
future
,
you're
down
the
highway
in
your
self
-
driving
car
,
and
you
find
yourself
boxed
in
on
all
sides
by
other
cars
.
Suddenly
,
a
large
,
object
falls
off
the
truck
in
front
of
you
.
Your
car
can't
stop
in
time
to
avoid
the
collision
,
so
it
needs
to
make
a
decision
:
go
straight
and
hit
the
object
,
swerve
left
into
an
SUV
,
or
swerve
right
into
a
motorcycle
.
Should
it
prioritize
your
safety
by
hitting
the
motorcycle
,
minimize
danger
to
others
by
not
,
even
if
it
means
hitting
the
large
object
and
sacrificing
your
life
,
or
take
the
middle
ground
by
hitting
the
SUV
,
which
has
a
high
passenger
safety
rating
?
So
what
should
the
self
-
driving
car
do
?
If
we
were
driving
that
boxed
in
car
in
mode
,
whichever
way
we'd
react
would
be
understood
as
just
that
,
a
reaction
,
not
a
deliberate
decision
.
It
would
be
an
instinctual
panicked
move
with
no
forethought
or
malice
.
But
if
a
programmer
were
to
instruct
the
car
to
make
the
same
move
,
given
conditions
it
may
sense
in
the
future
,
well
,
that
looks
more
like
premeditated
.
Now
,
to
be
fair
,
self
-
driving
cars
are
predicted
to
reduce
traffic
accidents
and
fatalities
by
removing
human
error
from
the
driving
equation
.
Plus
,
there
may
be
all
sorts
of
other
benefits
:
eased
road
congestion
,
decreased
harmful
emissions
,
and
minimized
unproductive
and
stressful
driving
time
.
But
accidents
can
and
will
still
happen
,
and
when
they
do
,
their
outcomes
may
be
determined
months
or
years
in
advance
by
programmers
or
policy
makers
.
And
they'll
have
some
decisions
to
make
.
It's
tempting
to
offer
up
general
decision
-
making
principles
,
like
minimize
harm
,
but
even
that
quickly
leads
to
morally
murky
decisions
.
For
example
,
let's
say
we
have
the
same
initial
set
up
,
but
now
there's
a
wearing
a
helmet
to
your
left
and
another
one
without
a
helmet
to
your
right
.
Which
one
should
your
robot
car
crash
into
?
If
you
say
the
biker
with
the
helmet
because
she's
more
likely
to
survive
,
then
aren't
you
penalizing
the
responsible
motorist
?
If
,
instead
,
you
save
the
biker
without
the
helmet
because
he's
acting
irresponsibly
,
then
you've
gone
way
beyond
the
initial
design
principle
about
minimizing
harm
,
and
the
robot
car
is
now
meting
out
street
justice
.
The
ethical
considerations
get
more
here
.
In
both
of
our
scenarios
,
the
underlying
design
is
functioning
as
a
targeting
algorithm
of
sorts
.
In
other
words
,
it's
systematically
favoring
or
discriminating
against
a
certain
type
of
object
to
crash
into
.
And
the
owners
of
the
target
vehicles
will
suffer
the
negative
consequences
of
this
algorithm
through
no
fault
of
their
own
.
Our
new
technologies
are
opening
up
many
other
novel
ethical
dilemmas
.
For
instance
,
if
you
had
to
choose
between
a
car
that
would
always
save
as
many
lives
as
possible
in
an
,
or
one
that
would
save
you
at
any
cost
,
which
would
you
buy
?
What
happens
if
the
cars
start
analyzing
and
factoring
in
the
passengers
of
the
cars
and
the
particulars
of
their
lives
?
Could
it
be
the
case
that
a
random
decision
is
still
better
than
a
predetermined
one
designed
to
minimize
harm
?
And
who
should
be
making
all
of
these
decisions
anyhow
?
Programmers
?
Companies
?
Governments
?
Reality
may
not
play
out
exactly
like
our
thought
,
but
that's
not
the
point
.
They're
designed
to
isolate
and
stress
test
our
intuitions
on
ethics
,
just
like
science
experiments
do
for
the
physical
world
.
Spotting
these
moral
hairpin
turns
now
will
help
us
maneuver
the
unfamiliar
road
of
technology
ethics
,
and
allow
us
to
cruise
confidently
and
conscientiously
into
our
brave
new
future
.
En esta actividad se deberan de ajustar las siguientes reacciones químicas