Rebirth of the school of thought that centers around the assumption that offenders are free-willed individuals
Emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, based on Merton’s and Sutherland’s theories
Also described as the ecological school, included scholars like Shaw, McKay, Sutherland, Burgess, and Park
Rational choice theory, crime pattern theory, and routine activity theory
Differential association, social disorganization, differential association reinforcement theory, social learning theory
Culture of the gang and illegitimate opportunity structures
