Attenuation
White Noise
Echo
Datalink Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Cross-Talk
Impulse Noise
Inter modulation noise
Cause: Movement of electrons (Thermal Energy) Prevention: Increase Signal Strength (Increase SNR)
Cause: Gradual decrease in signal over distance (weakening of a signal) Prevention: Use repeaters or amplifiers
Cause: Sudden increase in electricity Prevention: Shield or move the wires
802.11, ATM, Ethernet, FDDI, PPP, L2TP,...
IPv4, IPv6, IPsec, ARP, RARP,...
Cause: Signals from several circuits combine. Prevention: Move or shield the wires.
TCP, UDP, DCCP,...
Cause: Poor connections (causing signal to be reflected back to the source) Prevention: Fix the connections, or tune equipment.
Cause: Multiplexer guard bands are too small or wires too close together. Prevention: Increase the guard bands or move or shield the wires.
