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1. Which type of cells more commonly have plasmids?
A
Prokaryotes
B
Eukaryotes
C
Archea
2. What is a plasmid?
A
plasma that can create new genes
B
chromosomes that have been separated into pieces
C
many free-floating, non-essential genes
3. What direction is DNA made in
A
3' to 5'
B
5' to 3'
C
2' to 5'
4. Which is the direct order of Central Dogma?
A
Translation-Transcription
B
Transcription-protein synthesis
C
Transcription-Translation
5. What is a semi-conservative DNA?
A
one old strand and one new strand
B
one liberal strand and one conservative strand
C
two strands twisting the same way
6. What is the purpose of DNA gyrase?
A
rearrange nucleotides for base pairing
B
assigning complimentary base pairs to nucleotides
C
unwind the supercoil in bacteria
7. Which enzyme unzips the DNA?
A
Helicase
B
DNA Polymerase
C
DNA Ligase
8. What is the purpose of DNA polymerase in replication?
A
keeps two strands separate
B
fills in gaps during replication
C
synthesizes new strand
9. Which enzyme keeps strands separate while pairing nucleotides?
A
RNA polymerase
B
single strand binding proteins
C
DNA gyrase
10. Summarize Transcription:
A
RNA polymerase unwinds DNA, synthesizes new strand, RNA leaves DNA
B
RNA gyrase destroys DNA bonds, collects nucleotides, rebuilds as a RNA strand
C
Helicase creates gaps so that RNA polymerase can enter and read DNA
11. Which isn't a part of DNA replication?
A
RNA polymerase creates new strand
B
DNA polymerase binds to end of old strand & synthesizes new
C
Helicase separates two strands
12. Which IS NOT an enzyme in transcription?
A
terminator
B
RNA polymerase
C
ribosome
13. Name the three types of RNA
A
kRNA, tRNA, aRNA
B
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
C
rRNA, qRNA, oRNA
14. Describe Translation:
A
tRNA enters A site, ribosome reads codons and makes amino acids
B
mRNA heats codons to create new proteins
C
proteins uptake nucleotides and turn them into ammonia acids
15. What are the parts of a ribosome in the correct order?
A
P site, A site, E site
B
A site, E site, P site
C
A site, P site, E site
16. How does a whole RNA strand become an amino acid chain?
A
ribosome shifts down the line and amino acids exit through the E site
B
RNA strand shrinks prior to entering the ribosome
C
multiple ribosomes attach to the RNA strand to make amino acids all at once
17. What is the distinguishing trait of mRNA?
A
forms the ribosome
B
carries amino acid to ribosome
C
its a temporary copy of DNA
18. What is important about tRNA?
A
carries amino acid to ribosome
B
occurs during transcription
C
forms the ribosome
19. What does rRNA do?
A
fills in blanks in RNA strand
B
forms the ribosome
C
"unzips" DNA strands
20. What is an inducible operon?
A
operon that is normally off; but is turned ON by substrate
B
operon that is normally on; turned OFF by substrate
C
Trp operon
21. Summarize a lac operon:
A
Repressor attaches to O region to make mRNA
B
Repressor is naturally bound to O region, lactose comes and release repressor, mRNA is made
C
DNA is constantly being made until repressor attaches to O region
22. Summarize a tryptophan operon:
A
DNA polymerase blocks tryptophan from being made
B
tryptophan codes for RNA polymerase to make new proteins
C
RNA polymerase transcribes for amino acids, tryptophan causes repressor to block polymerase
23. What causes DNA mutations
A
errors in DNA replication
B
individual is born with mutated genome
C
DNA is exposed to heat and denatures
24. Which is NOT a type of mutation?
A
reverse
B
point
C
frameshift
25. What happens in a missense mutation?
A
one base is changed- STOP codon is formed
B
one base is changed- allow some amino acid to be placed
C
one base is changed-one amino acid is changed
26. How do frameshift mutations work?
A
1 or more base is removed/added-shifts the codon groups
B
reading begins at the opposite end and reads codons backwards
C
bases are present but skipped during reading
27. What is transduction?
A
bacterial cell undergoes a change in shape & function
B
virus enters cell and attacks cell components; cell dies
C
bacteriophage infects bacterial cell & replicates into many virus bodies
28. What is conjugation?
A
two bacterial cells merge to become on cell
B
two bacterial cells join via pilus to transfer DNA
C
a bacterial cell splits into two daughter cells
29. Define biotechnology:
A
use of microbes, cells, or cell components to make products
B
adding artificial cell components to make cells longer lasting
C
the adaptation of cells to better fit their environment
30. Recombinant DNA:
A
mixing two parental genomes to result in a new daughter genome
B
self destruction of DNA to recreate new genome
C
inserting gene of interest into genome of cell
31. Summarize recombinant DNA
A
during replication, DNA saves an open space to add new bases
B
desired DNA is extracted from a plasmid and added to genome
C
DNA polymerase waits for DNA to decide which new genes will be added
32. What is a goal of Recombinant DNA?
A
to add new, desirable DNA into bacteria & plants to make products
B
to make new amino acids without causing a DNA mutation
C
recombinant DNA isn't real?????
33. What is gel electrophoresis?
A
melting DNA to dissect its contents
B
giving DNA an electrical charge to ionize different fragments
C
separating DNA by size to isolate fragments
34. Summarize gel electrophoresis:
A
DNA attracted to positive charge of the machine; larger fragments move slower than smaller ones
B
the negatively charged end of the machine pulls fragments based on their size
C
DNA is poured into the machine and disperses based off fragment size
35. How is desired DNA obtained from eukaryotic cells?
A
segment recognizes that it is needed and naturally falls out of genome
B
genome is naturally separated into segments that can be taken out at any time
C
restriction enzymes cut segment out of DNA
36. Summarize the process of PCR:
A
DNA is incubated t one denatured; primers and taq polymerase added; incubate & replicate new strands
B
DNA is frozen to preserve it for later
C
Heat melts the DNA so it can be spread out into new genomes
37. How do forensic scientists use DNA fingerprinting?
A
fingerprint samples are taken and are analyzed to see what matches best
B
DNA fingerprinting is unreliable therefore it is no longer commonly used
C
fragments align with the sample to compare DNA
38. What is southern blotting?
A
DNA cut up by enzyme; sorted by size(GE); transferred to fiber; desired gene is hybridized by probe
B
only performed in southern states; DNA is replicated and scanned for gene of interest
C
this is a made up term
39. What's the difference between southern blotting and northern blotting
A
the equator, duh.
B
northern uses mRNA separation
C
northern uses protein separation
40. What's the difference between western and souther blotting
A
southern is used to view active products made
B
western can only be performed in the Wild West- yeehaw!
C
western separated proteins by 3-D structure
41. What is microbiota & why is it important?
A
pathogenic barerica in the body that causes disease
B
community of bacteria, viruses, protists, and fungi on the human body that strengthens immune system
C
bacteria that live on/in the body that help clean the body
42. Koch's Postulate is:
A
the idea that 1 organism causes 1 disease
B
for every 1 disease causing organism; there is 1 organism that can cure the disease
C
a community of all the organisms that can cause 1 disease
43. summarize Koch's Postulate:
A
take multiple samples of different pathogens & see which one is the MOST pathogenic
B
sample dead organ.;culture sample;introduce microbe to new organ.; take a new sample&compare
C
introduce pathogenic organism to healthy organism & see how well it infects
44. what is the difference between signs & symptoms?
A
signs: objective, measurable characteristics symptoms: subjective, non-measurable characteristics
B
signs: subjective, non-measurable characteristics symptoms: objective, measurable characteristics
C
signs: subjective, measurable characteristics symptoms: objective, non-measurable characteristics
45. What does is mean to be communicable?
A
easily spread
B
only spread through environment
C
transferred from one host to another
46. What types of disease are only spread through environment, not host to host?
A
Noncommunicable
B
Contagious
C
Communicable
47. Incidence is defined as:
A
# of ppl w/disease within a time period
B
# of people who develop the disease within a time period
C
# of people who have died from a disease in a time period
48. What does it mean is a disease is sporadic?
A
constantly present
B
worldwide spread
C
occurs occasionally
49. Endemic means:
A
many people get sick in a short amt. of time
B
the disease is constantly present
C
there is a worldwide spread of disease
50. What is a latent disease?
A
remains inactive, produces symptoms later
B
rapid development & lasts a short time
C
develops slowly over time
51. What is a systemic infection?
A
only one system affects
B
affects multiple body groups/systems
C
infection of blood
52. focal infection:
A
only one body group affected
B
keeps spreading until every body system is affected
C
starts in one body system, the moves to a new confined one
53. Whats the difference between primary and secondary infections?
A
secondary infection is the second stage of a chronic disease
B
secondary infection occurs after the initial infection has healed
C
secondary infection is caused by 2nd organism after initial rxn
54. What are predisposing factors?
A
make body more susceptible to disease
B
make organism more pathogenic
C
makes organism less susceptible to disease
55. What is the correct order of disease stages?
A
Convalescence, Illness, Prodromal, Decline, Incubation
B
Incubation, Convalescence, Prodromal, Illness, Decline
C
Incubation, Prodromal, Illness, Decline, Convalescence
56. What is zoonosis?
A
transfer of disease from animal to human
B
transfer of disease from human to animal
C
when the disease is caused by animals so it is given a name related to animals
57. How are humans a reservoir of infection?
A
cooking with food/water contamination
B
latent patients, exposure to sick ppl, carriers
C
droplet exposure, direct contact, fecal-oral contact
58. Which of the following is NOT a reservoir for infection?
A
Animals
B
Nature elements
C
Non-living
59. What is a vector?
A
a carrier of a disease causing agent
B
the orange guy from despicable me
C
specifically an animal that has a disease
60. What is the difference between Mechanical transmission and Biological transmission?
A
Mechan: being biten by something that may have been contaminated Bio: transferred by vector itself
B
Mechan: transferred by bite Bio: coming contact with something that was contaminated by vector
C
Mechan: coming in contact with something that was contaminated by vector Bio: transferred by bite
61. What is a nosocomial infection?
A
Infections that primarily attack the nasal region
B
Healthcare Associated Infections
C
Infections that occur from poor hygiene
62. What could be a contributor to nosocomial infections?
A
direct staff-patient contact with microbe presence
B
water contaminated with disease
C
mother to fetus transmission
63. What is a portal of entry?
A
the list of ways disinfections enter the pathogenic cell
B
black holes in space
C
how microbes enter the body
64. Describe ID50:
A
how many cells it take for 50% of exposed individuals to become infected
B
how many individuals need to be tested before a 50% confidence that the pathogen was identified
C
how many people need to list symptoms that are at least at 50% match to a disease
65. Describe LD50:
A
how lethal a drug is to humans
B
amt of dose that is needed to cause lethality
C
amt of dose that reaches 50% of cells
66. What is a receptor?
A
sugar on host cell that can vary in different cells of the same host
B
protein that prevents phagocytosis
C
acid that prevents digestion
67. M protein is:
A
heat and acid resistant
B
desiccation resistant
C
digestion resistant
68. How do microbes attach to host cell?
A
using entry portals
B
using adhesions
C
using exit portals
69. What is Antigenic Variation?
A
breaking down collagen to block connective tissue from being made
B
breaking up blood clots
C
changing outside to hide from immune system
70. Why do microbes steal nutrients from host cell?
A
iron is required for bacterial growth
B
bacteria get hungry :(
C
the nutrients aren't "stolen" since the bacteria is now part of the host
71. How do endotoxins work?
A
part of pathogenic cell breaks off and codes for cell signals to cause symptoms
B
pathogenic cell excretes toxin to kill host cell and stop metabolic rxns
C
host cell engulfs pathogenic cell; pathogenic cell tells host self to self destruct
72. Summarize AB toxins:
A
exotoxin enters host cell; A alters function of cell; B gets released (protein synthesis stopped)
B
B alters function of cell; A is released
C
A and B work together to self destruct cell once engulfed by host
73. What are cytopathic effects
A
visible results of bacterial infection
B
long term effects after a viral infection
C
visible results of viral infection
74. Why do cells produce interferons?
A
to let other cells know that infection is present
B
to change shape to hide from pathogenic cells
C
to activate oncogenes
75. What is a syncytium?
A
when infected cells fuse and become multinucleate
B
the parts of a virus that can be detected on a slide via stain
C
signals that cells give off to notify other cells that infection is present
76. What happens during contact inhibition?
A
virus can no longer replicate
B
normal cells stop growing when they contact another cell
C
bacterial infection dies off