Profit and individual or limited institutional advancement as main concerns
Seeks full participation and consensus building
The group enlists leaders
Individuals seek out leadership positions or are appointed by small group of elites
Engages people to find community-oriented solutions
Addresses social structures that hinder people's progress
Relies on moral authority
Uses legitimate and positional authority
Builds interdependency
Collective orientation
Individualistic orientation
Seeks egalitarian pluralism
Builds community capacity and group empowerment
Seeks individual advancement and achievement
Isolates leaders from the public
Privileges community and justice concerns including widespread participation
Seeks the good of the whole
Embraces public values
Encourages active,visible citizenship
Leadership as community action and social activism
Top-down, command and control style of decision-making
Creates hierarchy
