
Listening glossary Versión en línea A listening glossary that will help the teacher in training to analyze and identify valuable terms for their teaching and learning process por Ahilton Giovanni Padilla Franco 1 Listening glossary Student: Padilla Franco Ahilton Giovanni Professor: Mayra Cristina Cárdenas Zepeda Subject: Listening comprehension and spoken expression Major: Teaching and learning English in junior high school education Semester: Fourth 2 Top-down Top-down is a process that refers and focuses on the use of peoples' background knowledge in order to understand the meaning of messages. Example: It can be implemented when teaching common topics to students, and that it is sure that they have some kind of awareness that can help them to comprehend easier the information that I present in class. 3 Bottom-up Bottom-up is a process that is based on using incoming input (such as reading or listening) as a key factor for comprehending messages. Example: Reading short texts and playing brief audios that learners can find valuable to practice the content and understand it better 4 Reduced forms Reduced forms are words that are not written in English, nonetheless, they are frequently used in spoken language by native speakers to communicate with each other. Example: Comparing typical Mexican expressions that are of reduced forms, and on that way, make teenagers have a more familiar approach to this kind of words 5 Phonological reduction Phonological reduction is about a series of phenomena that reflect certain variations of canonical forms of words to forms that are said with less articulate effort. Example: When teaching contractions, show complete and contracted words, to then focus on the practice of pronunciation and attempt to distinguish the difference in the sounds (phonological reduction). 6 Morphological reduction Morphological reduction is the process of changing linguistic expressions from lexical to grammatical meanings, which means that morphological and syntactic elements are not more relevant to the grammatical function. Example: Once known the lexical meaning of the words from the lesson, teach and concentrate only on developing grammar. 7 Grammaticalization Grammaticalization is considered as a procedure by which grammar is created, taking into account the development from lexical to grammatical forms. Example: Teaching the correct and certain structure of sentences with the vocabulary and grammar of the lesson 8 Reactive listening Reactive listening is a type of communicative behavior in which a person voluntarily decides to "turns off" their ability to listen to others, and focuses only on trying to refute, invalidate others' arguments and clear positions or opinions about something. Example: Showing videos in social media about current problematical situations with icons in which this kind of situations could take place and could be recognized more straightforwardly by students. 9 Intensive listening Intensive listening involves all the activities and work that teachers and learners do in the classroom. Its goal is to focus on specific details, which is often carried out by the educator, waking up in students the motivation to answer different questions about exercises. Example: Doing together listening exercises or tests, and giving the chance to learners to say the correct answers, even if they are not right. 10 Responsive listening Responsive listening is saying what the listener feels they heard from the speaker. We usually use to be advice listeners, answer listeners, corrective listeners, detached listeners and opinion listeners. Nonetheless, if someone is a responsive listener first, they can give advice more effectively, as well as counsel and give support to finally correct later. Example: When learners make mistakes, I can try to give them suggestions that can aid them to understand the topic better and easier, instead of only nagging them and complaining about their mistakes. 11 Selective listening Selective listening is a listening technique that summarizes and prioritizes the most relevant information that the listeners hear and gather from the speakers to achieve their comprehension goal. Example: When teaching a topic, I can try to be concise and first focus on the main details to ease learners' understanding, and do not get them confused when explaining information to complement the one said before. 12 Extensive listening Extensive listening describe activities that can be outside the classroom, and the aim here is that learners have an exposure to the content in a pleasant way. Here, teachers can use as many kinds of resources as they can to improve students’ listening fluency, taking care of using appropriate listening to learners’ level. Example: Showing different trailers in which the lesson’s vocabulary appears and learners can distinguish it by listening the characters’ dialogues and watching the videos. 13 Clustering Clustering is a natural process in listening comprehension that consists on associate words with their meanings, becoming words into more meaningful ones, which helps students to group words together on their own to convey better and more comprehensible messages than just using words individually without an intention or purpose. Example: At the moment of explaining words' meanings, I can attempt to link up the words with real-life situations to assist pupils to associate their meanings with significant people, things, aromas, places and so on. 14 Redundancy Redundancy is considered as the repetition of elements within a message that helps prevent the failure into the communicative process Example: When explaining topics to learners, ensure to repeat key words that can help them to retain and understand the information better at the moment of listening to me. 15 Colloquialism Colloquialism are informal expressions that are used more frequently in casual conversations, for example with relatives, friends and peers, rather than in formal speech, which indicates that these kind of expressions are developed through years of relaxed communication between familiar speakers and friends. Example: Performing two situations in which would be talking with my friends and with my boss to show learners the different expressions I use with both. 16 Average speaking rate Average speaking rate describes and talks about the amount of words that people say when they read a text or want to have a conversation. Example: Practicing reading and checking out the time that pupils take to read during that specific period of time 17 False start False start is the act of beginning an utterance and subsequently avoiding it prior to completion, and on that way, create a new idea or thought to complete the first utterance that was said before. Example: Presenting different situations in which people were about say something that they didn't want to, and it is notorious that the speaker changed the phrase they wanted to use first. 18 Correction Correction is a valuable language strategy in English language learning because it is considered as teachers' feedback, which is useful to decrease the failure of students to use language correctly. Example: Use error correction to develop competence of language learners in the acquisition of English, and make learners realize that they can learn more from their errors and do not have to feel discouraged of not being right all the time. 19 Inflection Inflection is the process in which individuals' tone, loudness of the voice, and the forms of words change when they have a particular use. Example: Change the tone of my voice in a play or presentation, according to the different situations we are involved in, and purposes that we have to reach our aims. 20 Pause Pause is the act of make a briefly stop before keep speaking, and also it is considered as one of the most important skills of listening that consists on simply to pause before replying a comment, opinion, advice, and so on to others. Example: Practicing pauses in reading, making students respect punctuation marks, realizing and comprehending better the messages and information. 21 Tone Tone refers to the pitch changes made by people to affect the meaning of words and phrases that they say and pronounce, which is a voice quality produced by vibrations of the vocal folds. Actually, as a fact of matter these intonation patterns are used in English exclusively to indicate individuals' attitude. Example: Helping teenagers to use intonation effectively to convey attitude in English at the moment of practicing speaking in little, and short conversations that involve different situations and learners' attitudes. 22 Register Register is the formality of language, and people use different registers depending on who they are speaking to. Example: Showing videos about different situations in which students could determine what kind of register the speakers are using, according to their context and the people they are talking to 23 Stress Stress is the emphasis that is given to certain syllables in a word, or even to accurate words in a phrase. Example: Practicing pronunciation to make students distinguish when is used this element in the letters and words at the moment of speaking. 24 Accent Accent is the stress or emphasis that is applied on a particular word, and it is used for different kinds of emphasis in speech. Example: Showing different phrases and indicate which words are the ones that have more accent than the rest to aid learners start distinguishing those accents in accurate words. 25 Pace Pace refers to the speed at which people speak. It is calculated according to the number of words spoken in a minute, and it is considered as a guide to speeding and slowing down fluency. Example: When there is a presentation or small performance of students in which they have to speak, it could be checked their fluency and speed 26 Proprietary Proprietary is a testing process to educate people on the nature of their hearing. Example: Applying a test to have an idea about the general listening skills and comprehension that students may have 27 Jargon Jargon is a literary term that is defined as the implementation of certain phrases or words in particular situations, which are used to communicate the meaning of complex words used in those accurate fields of work. Example: Comparing typical words and jargon in the speaking language that people have every day, and make learners be able to recognize which terms are jargon and which are not. 28 References J, M. (N.D). Top Down and Bottom up Processing. EnglishPost.Org. https://englishpost.org/top-down-and-bottom-up-processing/ Proofreading. Services.com. (N.D). The ESL inquirer. https://www.proofreadingservices.com/blogs/esl/15345345-cheat-sheet-25-reduced-forms-you-need-to-know#:~:text=Reduced%20forms%20are%20words%20that,useful%20reduced%20forms%20to%20know. Spilková, H. (2014). Phonetic reduction in spontaneous speech: an investigation of native and non-native production. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/52102031.pdf 29 References Ahmad, A. (2018). Morphological Changes in English from the Seventeenth Century to the Twentieth Century as Represented in Two Literary Works: William Shakespeare's Play The Merchant of Venice 17th Century and George Bernard Shaw's Play Arms and the man 20th Century. Middle East University. https://meu.edu.jo/libraryTheses/5adc57dc8e935_1.pdf Heine, B & Heiko, N. (2012). Grammaticalization and Linguistic Analysis. Oxford Handbooks Online. Scholarly Research Review. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199544004.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199544004-e-016 Hamel, D. (2020). Reactive listening: when they listen to you just to be able to refute. https://www.medcentershealth.com/2020/10/Reactive-listening-when-they-listen-to-you-just-to-be-able-to-refute.html?fbclid=IwAR2gk45eJT9dioSqrQ18E9hGomQZ3uhrz13Hi0fKtDQ2-pSeIcaI_xqoe9o 30 References Learning about Listening. (N.D). https://sites.google.com/site/learningaboutlistening/home Larsen, B. (2014). 6 listening techniques that can change everything. Standard-Examiner. https://www.standard.net/news/business/listening-techniques-that-can-change-everything/article_afccded6-33ab-5b26-b4c6-969a4a2d2112.html#:~:text=Responsive%20listening%20is%20saying%20what,counseling%2C%20supporting%20and%20correcting%20later. Social listening. (2020). What is Selective Listening? Lateral Communications. https://latcomm.com/what-is-selective-listening/ Richards, P. (2017). Factors That Affect Listening Comprehension. The classroom. https://www.theclassroom.com/factors-affect-listening-comprehension-27779.html 31 References Markowsky, G. (2017). Information theory. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/information-theory Nordquist, R. (2020). What Is a Colloquialism? Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-colloquialism-1689866 Dlugan, A. (2012). What is the Average Speaking Rate? Six Minutes. http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/speaking-rate/ The False Start. (N.D). https://www.phonetik.uni-muenchen.de/forschung/Verbmobil/trllex_e_html/projects/false_start.html#:~:text=The%20act%20of%20beginning%20an,after%20a%20speaker%20is%20interrupted. 32 References Akbar, A & Farhad, K. (2018). Place of Error Correction in English Language Teaching, 7(3), 189-199. 10.22521/edupij.2018.73.3 Merriam-Webster. (2021). Inflection noun. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inflection Tracy, B. (N. D.). The Power Of Pausing. Brian Tracy international. https://www.briantracy.com/blog/sales-success/the-power-of-pausing/#:~:text=to%20the%20answers.-,One%20of%20the%20most%20important%20skills%20of%20listening%20is%20simply,are%20masters%20of%20the%20pause. British Council. (N.D) Tone. https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/tone#:~:text=Tone%20refers%20to%20the%20pitch,vibrations%20of%20the%20vocal%20folds. 33 References OpenLearn. (s. f.). Everyday English 1. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=80387§ion=2.1#:~:text=The%20formality%20of%20language%20is,you%20speak%20to%20your%20friends. Learning English Online. (s. f.). Stress and intonation. https://www.learning-english-online.net/pronunciation/stress-and-intonation/#:~:text=Stress%20is%20the%20relative%20emphasis,and%20have%20a%20higher%20pitch.&text=If%20you%20want%20to%2C%20you,words%20to%20hear%20the%20stress. Vocabulary.com. (s. f.). Accent. https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/accent Literary Devices Definition and Examples of Literary Term. (s. f.). Jargon. https://literarydevices.net/jargon/ 34 References Snippe, E. (2017). SpeakerHub. Our speech pace: guide to speeding and slowing down. https://speakerhub.com/skillcamp/your-speech-pace-guide-speeding-and-slowing-down#:~:text=While%20in%20your%20head%20you,in%20a%20minute%20(wpm.)&text=Conversational%3A%20between%20120%20wpm%20and%20150%20wpm Hear Well Be Well. (s. f.). Proprietary testing process. https://hearwellbewell.ca/proprietary-testing-process/

Listening glossary

Student: Padilla Franco Ahilton Giovanni

Professor: Mayra Cristina Cárdenas Zepeda

Subject: Listening comprehension and spoken expression

Major: Teaching and learning English in junior high school education

Semester: Fourth

2

Top-down

Top-down is a process that refers and focuses on the use of peoples' background knowledge in order to understand the meaning of messages.

Example: It can be implemented when teaching common topics to students, and that it is sure that they have some kind of awareness that can help them to comprehend easier the information that I present in class.

3

Bottom-up

Bottom-up is a process that is based on using incoming input (such as reading or listening) as a key factor for comprehending messages.

Example: Reading short texts and playing brief audios that learners can find valuable to practice the content and understand it better

4

Reduced forms

Reduced forms are words that are not written in English, nonetheless, they are frequently used in spoken language by native speakers to communicate with each other.

Example: Comparing typical Mexican expressions that are of reduced forms, and on that way, make teenagers have a more familiar approach to this kind of words

5

Phonological reduction

Phonological reduction is about a series of phenomena that reflect certain variations of canonical forms of words to forms that are said with less articulate effort.

Example: When teaching contractions, show complete and contracted words, to then focus on the practice of pronunciation and attempt to distinguish the difference in the sounds (phonological reduction).

6

Morphological reduction

Morphological reduction is the process of changing linguistic expressions from lexical to grammatical meanings, which means that morphological and syntactic elements are not more relevant to the grammatical function.

Example: Once known the lexical meaning of the words from the lesson, teach and concentrate only on developing grammar.

7

Grammaticalization

Grammaticalization is considered as a procedure by which grammar is created, taking into account the development from lexical to grammatical forms.

Example: Teaching the correct and certain structure of sentences with the vocabulary and grammar of the lesson

8

Reactive listening

Reactive listening is a type of communicative behavior in which a person voluntarily decides to "turns off" their ability to listen to others, and focuses only on trying to refute, invalidate others' arguments and clear positions or opinions about something.

Example: Showing videos in social media about current problematical situations with icons in which this kind of situations could take place and could be recognized more straightforwardly by students.

9

Intensive listening

Intensive listening involves all the activities and work that teachers and learners do in the classroom. Its goal is to focus on specific details, which is often carried out by the educator, waking up in students the motivation to answer different questions about exercises.

Example: Doing together listening exercises or tests, and giving the chance to learners to say the correct answers, even if they are not right.

10

Responsive listening

Responsive listening is saying what the listener feels they heard from the speaker. We usually use to be advice listeners, answer listeners, corrective listeners, detached listeners and opinion listeners. Nonetheless, if someone is a responsive listener first, they can give advice more effectively, as well as counsel and give support to finally correct later.

Example: When learners make mistakes, I can try to give them suggestions that can aid them to understand the topic better and easier, instead of only nagging them and complaining about their mistakes.

11

Selective listening

Selective listening is a listening technique that summarizes and prioritizes the most relevant information that the listeners hear and gather from the speakers to achieve their comprehension goal.

Example: When teaching a topic, I can try to be concise and first focus on the main details to ease learners' understanding, and do not get them confused when explaining information to complement the one said before.

12

Extensive listening

Extensive listening describe activities that can be outside the classroom, and the aim here is that learners have an exposure to the content in a pleasant way. Here, teachers can use as many kinds of resources as they can to improve students’ listening fluency, taking care of using appropriate listening to learners’ level.

Example: Showing different trailers in which the lesson’s vocabulary appears and learners can distinguish it by listening the characters’ dialogues and watching the videos.

13

Clustering

Clustering is a natural process in listening comprehension that consists on associate words with their meanings, becoming words into more meaningful ones, which helps students to group words together on their own to convey better and more comprehensible messages than just using words individually without an intention or purpose.

Example: At the moment of explaining words' meanings, I can attempt to link up the words with real-life situations to assist pupils to associate their meanings with significant people, things, aromas, places and so on.

14

Redundancy

Redundancy is considered as the repetition of elements within a message that helps prevent the failure into the communicative process

Example: When explaining topics to learners, ensure to repeat key words that can help them to retain and understand the information better at the moment of listening to me.

15

Colloquialism

Colloquialism are informal expressions that are used more frequently in casual conversations, for example with relatives, friends and peers, rather than in formal speech, which indicates that these kind of expressions are developed through years of relaxed communication between familiar speakers and friends.

Example: Performing two situations in which would be talking with my friends and with my boss to show learners the different expressions I use with both.

16

Average speaking rate

Average speaking rate describes and talks about the amount of words that people say when they read a text or want to have a conversation.

Example: Practicing reading and checking out the time that pupils take to read during that specific period of time

17

False start

False start is the act of beginning an utterance and subsequently avoiding it prior to completion, and on that way, create a new idea or thought to complete the first utterance that was said before.

Example: Presenting different situations in which people were about say something that they didn't want to, and it is notorious that the speaker changed the phrase they wanted to use first.

18

Correction

Correction is a valuable language strategy in English language learning because it is considered as teachers' feedback, which is useful to decrease the failure of students to use language correctly.

Example: Use error correction to develop competence of language learners in the acquisition of English, and make learners realize that they can learn more from their errors and do not have to feel discouraged of not being right all the time.

19

Inflection

Inflection is the process in which individuals' tone, loudness of the voice, and the forms of words change when they have a particular use.

Example: Change the tone of my voice in a play or presentation, according to the different situations we are involved in, and purposes that we have to reach our aims.

20

Pause

Pause is the act of make a briefly stop before keep speaking, and also it is considered as one of the most important skills of listening that consists on simply to pause before replying a comment, opinion, advice, and so on to others.

Example: Practicing pauses in reading, making students respect punctuation marks, realizing and comprehending better the messages and information.

21

Tone

Tone refers to the pitch changes made by people to affect the meaning of words and phrases that they say and pronounce, which is a voice quality produced by vibrations of the vocal folds.
Actually, as a fact of matter these intonation patterns are used in English exclusively to indicate individuals' attitude.

Example: Helping teenagers to use intonation effectively to convey attitude in English at the moment of practicing speaking in little, and short conversations that involve different situations and learners' attitudes.

22

Register

Register is the formality of language, and people use different registers depending on who they are speaking to.

Example: Showing videos about different situations in which students could determine what kind of register the speakers are using, according to their context and the people they are talking to

23

Stress

Stress is the emphasis that is given to certain syllables in a word, or even to accurate words in a phrase.

Example: Practicing pronunciation to make students distinguish when is used this element in the letters and words at the moment of speaking.

24

Accent

Accent is the stress or emphasis that is applied on a particular word, and it is used for different kinds of emphasis in speech.

Example: Showing different phrases and indicate which words are the ones that have more accent than the rest to aid learners start distinguishing those accents in accurate words.

25

Pace

Pace refers to the speed at which people speak. It is calculated according to the number of words spoken in a minute, and it is considered as a guide to speeding and slowing down fluency.

Example: When there is a presentation or small performance of students in which they have to speak, it could be checked their fluency and speed

26

Proprietary

Proprietary is a testing process to educate people on the nature of their hearing.

Example: Applying a test to have an idea about the general listening skills and comprehension that students may have

27

Jargon

Jargon is a literary term that is defined as the implementation of certain phrases or words in particular situations, which are used to communicate the meaning of complex words used in those accurate fields of work.

Example: Comparing typical words and jargon in the speaking language that people have every day, and make learners be able to recognize which terms are jargon and which are not.

28

References

J, M. (N.D). Top Down and Bottom up Processing. EnglishPost.Org. https://englishpost.org/top-down-and-bottom-up-processing/

Proofreading. Services.com. (N.D). The ESL inquirer. https://www.proofreadingservices.com/blogs/esl/15345345-cheat-sheet-25-reduced-forms-you-need-to-know#:~:text=Reduced%20forms%20are%20words%20that,useful%20reduced%20forms%20to%20know.

Spilková, H. (2014). Phonetic reduction in spontaneous speech: an investigation of native and non-native production. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/52102031.pdf

29

References

Ahmad, A. (2018). Morphological Changes in English from the Seventeenth Century to the Twentieth Century as Represented in Two Literary Works: William Shakespeare's Play The Merchant of Venice 17th Century and George Bernard Shaw's Play Arms and the man 20th Century. Middle East University. https://meu.edu.jo/libraryTheses/5adc57dc8e935_1.pdf

Heine, B & Heiko, N. (2012). Grammaticalization and Linguistic Analysis. Oxford Handbooks Online. Scholarly Research Review. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199544004.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199544004-e-016

Hamel, D. (2020). Reactive listening: when they listen to you just to be able to refute. https://www.medcentershealth.com/2020/10/Reactive-listening-when-they-listen-to-you-just-to-be-able-to-refute.html?fbclid=IwAR2gk45eJT9dioSqrQ18E9hGomQZ3uhrz13Hi0fKtDQ2-pSeIcaI_xqoe9o

30

References

Learning about Listening. (N.D). https://sites.google.com/site/learningaboutlistening/home

Larsen, B. (2014). 6 listening techniques that can change everything. Standard-Examiner. https://www.standard.net/news/business/listening-techniques-that-can-change-everything/article_afccded6-33ab-5b26-b4c6-969a4a2d2112.html#:~:text=Responsive%20listening%20is%20saying%20what,counseling%2C%20supporting%20and%20correcting%20later.

Social listening. (2020). What is Selective Listening? Lateral Communications. https://latcomm.com/what-is-selective-listening/

Richards, P. (2017). Factors That Affect Listening Comprehension. The classroom. https://www.theclassroom.com/factors-affect-listening-comprehension-27779.html

31

References

Markowsky, G. (2017). Information theory. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/information-theory

Nordquist, R. (2020). What Is a Colloquialism? Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-colloquialism-1689866

Dlugan, A. (2012). What is the Average Speaking Rate? Six Minutes. http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/speaking-rate/

The False Start. (N.D). https://www.phonetik.uni-muenchen.de/forschung/Verbmobil/trllex_e_html/projects/false_start.html#:~:text=The%20act%20of%20beginning%20an,after%20a%20speaker%20is%20interrupted.

32

References

Akbar, A & Farhad, K. (2018). Place of Error Correction in English Language Teaching, 7(3), 189-199. 10.22521/edupij.2018.73.3

Merriam-Webster. (2021). Inflection noun. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inflection

Tracy, B. (N. D.). The Power Of Pausing. Brian Tracy international. https://www.briantracy.com/blog/sales-success/the-power-of-pausing/#:~:text=to%20the%20answers.-,One%20of%20the%20most%20important%20skills%20of%20listening%20is%20simply,are%20masters%20of%20the%20pause.

British Council. (N.D) Tone. https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/tone#:~:text=Tone%20refers%20to%20the%20pitch,vibrations%20of%20the%20vocal%20folds.

33

References

OpenLearn. (s. f.). Everyday English 1. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=80387§ion=2.1#:~:text=The%20formality%20of%20language%20is,you%20speak%20to%20your%20friends.

Learning English Online. (s. f.). Stress and intonation. https://www.learning-english-online.net/pronunciation/stress-and-intonation/#:~:text=Stress%20is%20the%20relative%20emphasis,and%20have%20a%20higher%20pitch.&text=If%20you%20want%20to%2C%20you,words%20to%20hear%20the%20stress.

Vocabulary.com. (s. f.). Accent. https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/accent

Literary Devices Definition and Examples of Literary Term. (s. f.). Jargon. https://literarydevices.net/jargon/

34

References

Snippe, E. (2017). SpeakerHub. Our speech pace: guide to speeding and slowing down. https://speakerhub.com/skillcamp/your-speech-pace-guide-speeding-and-slowing-down#:~:text=While%20in%20your%20head%20you,in%20a%20minute%20(wpm.)&text=Conversational%3A%20between%20120%20wpm%20and%20150%20wpm

Hear Well Be Well. (s. f.). Proprietary testing process. https://hearwellbewell.ca/proprietary-testing-process/

Listening glossary

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Student: Padilla Franco Ahilton Giovanni

Professor: Mayra Cristina Cárdenas Zepeda

Subject: Listening comprehension and spoken expression

Major: Teaching and learning English in junior high school education

Semester: Fourth

Top-down is a process that refers and focuses on the use of peoples' background knowledge in order to understand the meaning of messages.

Example: It can be implemented when teaching common topics to students, and that it is sure that they have some kind of awareness that can help them to comprehend easier the information that I present in class.

Bottom-up is a process that is based on using incoming input (such as reading or listening) as a key factor for comprehending messages.

Example: Reading short texts and playing brief audios that learners can find valuable to practice the content and understand it better

Reduced forms are words that are not written in English, nonetheless, they are frequently used in spoken language by native speakers to communicate with each other.

Example: Comparing typical Mexican expressions that are of reduced forms, and on that way, make teenagers have a more familiar approach to this kind of words

Phonological reduction is about a series of phenomena that reflect certain variations of canonical forms of words to forms that are said with less articulate effort.

Example: When teaching contractions, show complete and contracted words, to then focus on the practice of pronunciation and attempt to distinguish the difference in the sounds (phonological reduction).

Morphological reduction is the process of changing linguistic expressions from lexical to grammatical meanings, which means that morphological and syntactic elements are not more relevant to the grammatical function.

Example: Once known the lexical meaning of the words from the lesson, teach and concentrate only on developing grammar.

Grammaticalization is considered as a procedure by which grammar is created, taking into account the development from lexical to grammatical forms.

Example: Teaching the correct and certain structure of sentences with the vocabulary and grammar of the lesson

Reactive listening is a type of communicative behavior in which a person voluntarily decides to "turns off" their ability to listen to others, and focuses only on trying to refute, invalidate others' arguments and clear positions or opinions about something.

Example: Showing videos in social media about current problematical situations with icons in which this kind of situations could take place and could be recognized more straightforwardly by students.

Intensive listening involves all the activities and work that teachers and learners do in the classroom. Its goal is to focus on specific details, which is often carried out by the educator, waking up in students the motivation to answer different questions about exercises.

Example: Doing together listening exercises or tests, and giving the chance to learners to say the correct answers, even if they are not right.

Example: When learners make mistakes, I can try to give them suggestions that can aid them to understand the topic better and easier, instead of only nagging them and complaining about their mistakes.

Selective listening is a listening technique that summarizes and prioritizes the most relevant information that the listeners hear and gather from the speakers to achieve their comprehension goal.

Example: When teaching a topic, I can try to be concise and first focus on the main details to ease learners' understanding, and do not get them confused when explaining information to complement the one said before.

Example: Showing different trailers in which the lesson’s vocabulary appears and learners can distinguish it by listening the characters’ dialogues and watching the videos.

Example: At the moment of explaining words' meanings, I can attempt to link up the words with real-life situations to assist pupils to associate their meanings with significant people, things, aromas, places and so on.

Redundancy is considered as the repetition of elements within a message that helps prevent the failure into the communicative process

Example: When explaining topics to learners, ensure to repeat key words that can help them to retain and understand the information better at the moment of listening to me.

Example: Performing two situations in which would be talking with my friends and with my boss to show learners the different expressions I use with both.

Average speaking rate describes and talks about the amount of words that people say when they read a text or want to have a conversation.

Example: Practicing reading and checking out the time that pupils take to read during that specific period of time

False start is the act of beginning an utterance and subsequently avoiding it prior to completion, and on that way, create a new idea or thought to complete the first utterance that was said before.

Example: Presenting different situations in which people were about say something that they didn't want to, and it is notorious that the speaker changed the phrase they wanted to use first.

Correction is a valuable language strategy in English language learning because it is considered as teachers' feedback, which is useful to decrease the failure of students to use language correctly.

Example: Use error correction to develop competence of language learners in the acquisition of English, and make learners realize that they can learn more from their errors and do not have to feel discouraged of not being right all the time.

Inflection is the process in which individuals' tone, loudness of the voice, and the forms of words change when they have a particular use.

Example: Change the tone of my voice in a play or presentation, according to the different situations we are involved in, and purposes that we have to reach our aims.

Pause is the act of make a briefly stop before keep speaking, and also it is considered as one of the most important skills of listening that consists on simply to pause before replying a comment, opinion, advice, and so on to others.

Example: Practicing pauses in reading, making students respect punctuation marks, realizing and comprehending better the messages and information.

Example: Helping teenagers to use intonation effectively to convey attitude in English at the moment of practicing speaking in little, and short conversations that involve different situations and learners' attitudes.

Register is the formality of language, and people use different registers depending on who they are speaking to.

Example: Showing videos about different situations in which students could determine what kind of register the speakers are using, according to their context and the people they are talking to

Stress is the emphasis that is given to certain syllables in a word, or even to accurate words in a phrase.

Example: Practicing pronunciation to make students distinguish when is used this element in the letters and words at the moment of speaking.

Accent is the stress or emphasis that is applied on a particular word, and it is used for different kinds of emphasis in speech.

Example: Showing different phrases and indicate which words are the ones that have more accent than the rest to aid learners start distinguishing those accents in accurate words.

Pace refers to the speed at which people speak. It is calculated according to the number of words spoken in a minute, and it is considered as a guide to speeding and slowing down fluency.

Example: When there is a presentation or small performance of students in which they have to speak, it could be checked their fluency and speed

Proprietary is a testing process to educate people on the nature of their hearing.

Example: Applying a test to have an idea about the general listening skills and comprehension that students may have

Jargon is a literary term that is defined as the implementation of certain phrases or words in particular situations, which are used to communicate the meaning of complex words used in those accurate fields of work.

Example: Comparing typical words and jargon in the speaking language that people have every day, and make learners be able to recognize which terms are jargon and which are not.