Memory AP World Ch. 19 Part 2Versión en línea AP World Ch. 19 Terms Part 2 por Paula Workman Abd al-Hamid II Meiji Restoration Social Darwinism Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed around 1900 and eventually brought down the Ottoman Empire. Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China had lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions. Opium Wars Selim III The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power to the emperor Meiji. Chinese Revolution, 1911-1912 The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century. Chinese religious leader (1814-1864) who sparked the Taiping uprising and won millions due to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace"on earth Hong Xiuquan Young Turks Ottoman sultan (r. 1789-1807) who attempted significant reform of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures. Tanzimat Reforms Ottoman Sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution at the start of his reign but suspended it shortly afterward, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the next three decades. Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, the samurai gradually became and administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji Restoration. Samurai An application of Charles Darwin's evolutionary theories to an understanding of human history, exemplified by the concept of the "survival of the fittest." Important reformist measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term "Tanzimat" means "reorganization."
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