Reported Speech

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reported speech

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Reported SpeechVersión en línea This presentation is to explain the reported speech. por Andrea Springer 1 Cover/Title 2 What to report We can report: statements (with tell and say) questions (with ask) commands, requests, suggestions (with admit, claim, promise, explain, deny, insist, suggest) 3 Direct vs. Reported Speech. Direct speech is the exact words someone said. We use quotation marks in Direct speech. "I'll go to London," she said. Reported speech is the exact meaning of what soemone said but not the exact words. We do not use quotation marks in Reported speech. She said she would go to London. 4 Say and tell say: we use it in both Direct and Reported speech, but in Reported speech we use say when it is not followed by the person the words were spoken to. said + (what was said) - without a direct object Direct speech: She said to me, " I am very tired." Reported speech: She said she was very tired. tell: we use tell in Reported speech when it is followed by the person the words were spoken to. told + a person + (what was said) - when there is a direct object Reported speech: She told me that she was very tired. 5 In trouble? 6 Reported statments Reported statements To report statements we use an reporting verb (say, tell, advise, explain, promise, admit, claim, confirm, deny, insist, remind) Pronuns and possessive adjectives change acording to the meaning. Direct speech: He sad, "I can't fix it by myself." Reported speech: He said he couldn't fix it himself. Direct speech: "This is my book," he said. Reported speech: He said that was his book. 3. Certain words change as follows: Direct speech: this/these, here, come Reported speech: that/those, there, go 7 modal verbs Some important facts to have in mind: Modal verbs that change: can changes to could will changes to would may changes to might Modal verbs that do not change: would, could, might, should, ought to, mustn't Be aware of must: Must stays the same or changes to had to. "You must work harder." She told me I must work harder. She told me I had to work harder. 8 tense changes When the reporting verb is in the Past Tense the verb tenses change as follows: Present Simple to Past Simple "I can't remember his name," she said. She said she couldn't remember his name. Present Continous to Past Continous "I'm saving up." He said he was saving up. Present Perfect to Past Perfect "I've bought you some flowers," she said. She said she had bought me some flowers. Past Simple to Past Perfect "He lost all the money," she said. She said that he had lost all the money Future (will+infinitive) to Conditional (would+infinitive) "I'll see you later," he said. He said he would see me later. Hint: the verb in the reported speech usually 'goes back' one tense into the past Exception: Past Perfect and Past Continuous stay the same: had played and was playing 9 exceptions There are no changes in verb tenses when the reporting verb is in one of the following tenses: Present Future Present Perfect or when the sentence expresses general truths, permanent states and conditios "Water turns into ice," he said. He said water turns into ice. (permanent truth) or the speaker reports something immediateley after it was said: "I will call you back," he said. He said he will call you back. (immediate reporting) 10 Expressions of time 11 GETTING IT? 12 Reported questions Reported questions For Reported questions the affirmative word order (subject + verb) is used and there is no question mark. a) ask + wh- word + object when the direct question begins with what, why, who, where etc He said: "What are you doing?" > He asked what I was doing. b) ask + if/whether + object when the direct question begins with and auxiliary verb like do, have, can etc He said, "Did you enjoy the party?" > He asked if/whether I enjoyed/had enjoyed the party. 13 Indirect vs. reported We use Indirect questions to ask for information/advice. I wonder whether to phone her. Do you know what time it is? If the Indirect question starts with I wonder ... or I doubt..., then the question mark is omitted. We use Reported questions to report someone else's questions, suggestions, offers or requests. He asked me whether he should phone her. He asked me what time it was. Question words like what, who, where etc or whether can be followed by an infinitive in the reported sentence. He asked me where to put it. 14 Commands, warnings, advice Construction in Reported commands, warnings, requests and advice: Subject+verb+object+infinitive with to "Shut up">He told me to shut up. "Don't go">She advised us not to go. Agree, invite, offer, promise, remind as reporting verbs: Subject+verb+(object)+infinitive with to "Please come with us.">They invited me to go with them. "I promise I'll pay."> I promised to pay. Add, admit, agree, claim, comment, deny, explain, insist, suggest can also be used as reporting verbs: Subject+verb+that clause "I love him."> She admitted that she loved him. 15 Good luck.

Reported SpeechVersión en línea

This presentation is to explain the reported speech.

por Andrea Springer

Cover/Title

What to report

We can report:

statements (with tell and say)
questions (with ask)
commands, requests, suggestions (with admit, claim, promise, explain, deny, insist, suggest)

Direct vs. Reported Speech.

Direct speech is the exact words someone said. We use quotation marks in Direct speech.

"I'll go to London," she said.

Reported speech is the exact meaning of what soemone said but not the exact words. We do not use quotation marks in Reported speech.

She said she would go to London.

Say and tell

say: we use it in both Direct and Reported speech, but in Reported speech we use say when it is not followed by the person the words were spoken to.

said + (what was said) - without a direct object

Direct speech: She said to me, " I am very tired."
Reported speech: She said she was very tired.

tell: we use tell in Reported speech when it is followed by the person the words were spoken to.

told + a person + (what was said) - when there is a direct object

Reported speech: She told me that she was very tired.

In trouble?

Reported statments

Reported statements

To report statements we use an reporting verb (say, tell, advise, explain, promise, admit, claim, confirm, deny, insist, remind)
Pronuns and possessive adjectives change acording to the meaning.

Direct speech: He sad, "I can't fix it by myself."
Reported speech: He said he couldn't fix it himself.
Direct speech: "This is my book," he said.
Reported speech: He said that was his book.

3. Certain words change as follows:

Direct speech: this/these, here, come
Reported speech: that/those, there, go

modal verbs

Some important facts to have in mind:

Modal verbs that change:

can changes to could
will changes to would
may changes to might

Modal verbs that do not change:

would, could, might, should, ought to, mustn't

Be aware of must:

Must stays the same or changes to had to.

"You must work harder."

She told me I must work harder.

She told me I had to work harder.

tense changes

When the reporting verb is in the Past Tense the verb tenses change as follows:

Present Simple to Past Simple

"I can't remember his name," she said.

She said she couldn't remember his name.

Present Continous to Past Continous

"I'm saving up." He said he was saving up.

Present Perfect to Past Perfect

"I've bought you some flowers," she said.

She said she had bought me some flowers.

Past Simple to Past Perfect

"He lost all the money," she said.

She said that he had lost all the money

Future (will+infinitive) to Conditional (would+infinitive)

"I'll see you later," he said.

He said he would see me later.

Hint: the verb in the reported speech usually 'goes back' one tense into the past

Exception: Past Perfect and Past Continuous stay the same: had played and was playing

exceptions

There are no changes in verb tenses when the reporting verb is in one of the following tenses:

Present
Future
Present Perfect

or when the sentence expresses general truths, permanent states and conditios

"Water turns into ice," he said.
He said water turns into ice. (permanent truth)

or the speaker reports something immediateley after it was said:
"I will call you back," he said.
He said he will call you back. (immediate reporting)

Expressions of time

GETTING IT?

Reported questions

For Reported questions the affirmative word order (subject + verb) is used and there is no question mark.

a) ask + wh- word + object when the direct question begins with what, why, who, where etc

He said: "What are you doing?" > He asked what I was doing.

b) ask + if/whether + object when the direct question begins with and auxiliary verb like do, have, can etc

He said, "Did you enjoy the party?" > He asked if/whether I enjoyed/had enjoyed the party.

Indirect vs. reported

We use Indirect questions to ask for information/advice.

I wonder whether to phone her.
Do you know what time it is?

If the Indirect question starts with I wonder ... or I doubt..., then the question mark is omitted.

We use Reported questions to report someone else's questions, suggestions, offers or requests.

He asked me whether he should phone her.
He asked me what time it was.

Question words like what, who, where etc or whether can be followed by an infinitive in the reported sentence.

He asked me where to put it.

Commands, warnings, advice

Construction in Reported commands, warnings, requests and advice: Subject+verb+object+infinitive with to

"Shut up">He told me to shut up.
"Don't go">She advised us not to go.

Agree, invite, offer, promise, remind as reporting verbs: Subject+verb+(object)+infinitive with to

"Please come with us.">They invited me to go with them.
"I promise I'll pay."> I promised to pay.

Add, admit, agree, claim, comment, deny, explain, insist, suggest can also be used as reporting verbs: Subject+verb+that clause

"I love him."> She admitted that she loved him.