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Unit 5: Political and Geographical scene, Agriculture and Urban Renaissance

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See this presentation about the unit five from point 1-3 (in the book).

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Carmen Aldaz Ortega
Carmen Aldaz Ortega
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Unit 5: Political and Geographical scene, Agriculture and Urban RenaissanceVersión en línea

See this presentation about the unit five from point 1-3 (in the book).

por Carmen Aldaz Ortega
1

Point 1 - Unit 5

THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND POLITICAL SCENE

The High Middle Ages was a time of prosperity and change in Europe, and also was a period when kings achieved greater power, cities grew, agriculture progressed and the urban middle class started gaining in importance.

2

Point 1 - Unit 5

  1. A mosaic of states: In the 11th century, Europe still looked like a mosaic made up of little states and kingdoms:
  • In the centre: France and the Holy Roman Empire, that were the two most important states.
  • In the north (the Normans): extended to the England, Sicily and south of Italy, but in the 11th century stopped their attacks.
  • In the south and east (the Muslims): Iberian Peninsula and the Byzantine Empire.
3

Point 1 - Unit 5

     2.  Political changes: The most important changes in the High Middle Ages were the consolidation of the kings' power and the origins of the parliament:

  • Royal power: was consolidated thanks to the help of cities, which gave kings financial support. In exchange, kings gave priviledges to cities.
  • Parliaments: were political assemblies composed by the nobility, the clergy and the cities.
4

Point 2 - Unit 5

AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION

Between the 11th century and the 13th century the agriculture progressed in Europe.

5

Point 2 - Unit 5

  1. Technological innovations:
  • The mouldboard plough and three-crop rotation: The mouldboard plough was a type of plough that was heavier and allowed more air into the soil; because of its weight it had to be supported by wheels and the oxen were frequently replaced by horses. The three-crop rotation, was also known as the three-year rotation meant that the land was divided into three parts: the fallow, pulses, wheat and oats, and every year they change the situations of each crop.
  • Other agricultural innovations: The use of more resistant metal tools (scythe to reap the cereal, the horse collar to join the horse to the plough which substituded the yoke, and the iron horseshoe to protect the horses hooves).
    2.  Consequences of agricultural changes: The changes led to revival in trade and more cities emerged. Between the 11th and the 14th century the European population increase from 36 million to 80 million people (more than 40 million of people).
6

Point 3 - Unit 5

THE URBAN RENAISSANCE

  1. The causes of the urban renaissance: markets and trade: Peasants had a surplus of production that they could sell in the markets, and they could also find employment in other kind of works like craftwork or trade. Around the Mediterranean regions  like Venice, Florence, Genoa, Barcelona and Marseille were centre of international trade.
  2. City and town government: Towns were under government of the noble or the monastery that owned the land where the town was established. The charter or fuero was the document in which a city's rights and priviledges were set down. The government of the city was in the hands of the Community Council that would take care of the city. The council met in the town hall and the mayor of the town was elected from among members of the council.
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Point 3 - Unit 5

     3. Urban life and government:

  • An urban scene includes artisans, traders and the nobility.
  • The government of cities were full of the urban patriciate, is a social group that consists of the wealthiest members of the bourgeoisie. The brothers Lorenzetti (14th century) who portrayed that state of affairs in their painting "The Allegory of Good Government". In the painting you can see twenty-four ministers that are linked by a cord woven by Concordia. That cord emerges from a female figure who represents the Wisdom. Then, near the female figure you can see a male figure who represents the Good Governance of the city. That figure sits surrounded by six female figures that each of them represents: Peace, Fortitude, Prudence, Magnanimity, Temperance and Justice.
 
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