Stress single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or cardiac positron emission tomography (PET)
Fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL (or receiving drug therapy for hyperglycemia)
Elevated triglyceride levels: Consider niacin, fibrates, and omega-3 fatty acids
Hyperglycemia
Ultrasonography (vascular, or rest/stress echocardiography)
Chest pain or shortness of breath: Suggesting the rise of cardiovascular and other complications
Hypertriglyceridemia
Blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg (or receiving drug therapy for hypertension)
Abdominal obesity
Decreased HDL-C levels: Consider niacin
Hyperglycemia: Insulin-sensitizing agent, such as metformin
Hypertension
Elevated LDL-C levels: Statins
Electrocardiography (rest/stress ECG)
Reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)