1
A figure of speech in which something is presented as less important, dire, urgent, good, and so on, that it actually is, often for satiric or comical effect. Also called litotes, it is the opposite of hyperbole.
2
An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British Philosopher Stephen Toulmin in his book. The Uses of Argument (1958). The Toulmin Model can be stated as a template: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).
3
Figure of speech that uses a part to represent a whole.
4
Combining two or more ideas in order to create something more complex in support of a new idea.
5
A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.
6
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.
7
The topic of a text. What the text is about.
8
In the Toulmin model, the _________ expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.
9
A speaker’s attitude toward the audience (differing from tone, the speaker’s attitude toward the subject).
10
Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings.
11
The use of irony or sarcasm to critique society or an individual.
12
The arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. This includes word order (subject-verb- object, for instance, or an inverted structure); the length and structure of sentences (simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex); and such schemes as parallelism, juxtaposition, antithesis, and antimetabole.
13
Artful diction; from the Greek word for “turning,” a figure of speech such as metaphor, simile, hyperbole, metonymy, or synecdoche.
14
While this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be “read”—meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more.
15
A speaker’s attitude toward the subject conveyed by the speaker’s stylistic and rhetorical choices.
16
In rhetoric, the use of laughter, humor, irony, and satire in the confirmation or refutation of an argument.
