The first major step that a researcher must undertake in a qualitative analysis is:
A.
A search for major themes
B.
Entering information into files
C.
The use of quasi-statistics
D.
Developing a system for organizing and indexing the data
2.
The measure of central tendency that is most stable is the:
A.
Mode
B.
Median
C.
Mean
D.
They are all equivalent
3.
A parameter is a characteristic of a:
A.
Population
B.
Frequency distribution
C.
Sample
D.
Normal curve
4.
The use of inferential statistics permits the researcher to:
A.
Interpret descriptive statistics
B.
Describe information obtained from empirical observation
C.
Draw conclusions about a population based on information gathered from a sample
D.
Estimate risk and relative risk
5.
The mode is an index of:
A.
Central tendency
B.
Variability
C.
Risk
D.
Bivariate relationships
6.
A widely used index of risk used among practitioners of EBP is:
A.
Absolute risk
B.
The odds ratio
C.
The F ratio
D.
Pearson's r
7.
Steps generally employed in the analysis of qualitative data include all of the following, except:
A.
Developing a coding scheme
B.
Searching for themes
C.
Validating themes
D.
Testing hypotheses
8.
One of the characteristics of a normal distribution is that:
A.
It is bimodal
B.
95% of the values are within two standard deviations above and below the mean
C.
The values are positively skewed
D.
The mean is 100
9.
The multivariate procedure that reduces a large set of data into a more compact set of measures is:
A.
Power analysis
B.
MANOVA
C.
Factor analysis
D.
Multiple regression
10.
What should researchers do to verify transcription accuracy?
A.
Transcribe the data themselves
B.
Listen to the audiotapes as they are reading the transcriptions for accuracy
C.
Use a word processor's spell-check and grammar-check program
D.
Ask all study participants to review the transcriptions for accuracy
11.
In grounded theory studies, the initial process of breaking down, categorizing, and coding the data is often referred to as:
A.
Open coding
B.
Core coding
C.
Axial coding
D.
Selective coding
12.
The social desirability response set is least likely to be a problem on scales incorporated into which of the following?
A.
Focus group interviews
B.
Face-to-face interviews
C.
Telephone interviews
D.
Mailed anonymous questionnaires
13.
A method used to measure subjective experiences such as pain and fatigue is:
A.
Q-sorts
B.
Vignettes
C.
Visual analog scales
D.
Likert scales
14.
When an observer is not concealed, the findings may be biased because of:
A.
Acquiescence response set
B.
Ethical problems
C.
Lack of mobility
D.
Reactivity
15.
Which of the following statements is true?
A.
The results of statistical testing have direct meaning.
B.
Evaluating the credibility of a study typically involves a careful assessment of methodologic decisions.
C.
Support of a researcher's hypothesis through statistical testing offers proof of its veracity.
D.
A correlation between two variables indicates that the independent variable caused the dependent variable.
16.
Which of the following is not an aspect or dimension of the interpretive task?
A.
The accuracy of the results
B.
The meaning of the results
C.
The statistical significance of the results
D.
The implications of the results
17.
A quality-enhancement strategy about which there is considerable controversy is:
A.
Negative case analysis
B.
Stepwise replications
C.
Member checks
D.
Inquiry audits
18.
Which of the following is not a term that is considered an aspect of trustworthiness within the Lincoln and Guba framework?
A.
Stability
B.
Transferability
C.
Confirmability
D.
Dependability
19.
Information about the magnitude or importance typically takes the form of:
A.
Significance levels
B.
Effect size estimates
C.
Correlation coefficients
D.
Confidence intervals
20.
A member check involves reviewing data with:
A.
An external auditor
B.
A study participant
C.
A peer of the researcher
D.
A second member of the research team
21.
When a researcher makes a Type II error (concludes that no relationship between the independent and dependent variable exists when in fact it does), this could occur because of:
A.
Inadequate sample size
B.
Unreliable data collection instruments
C.
Problems with adequately implementing the intervention
D.
All of the above
22.
The aspect of reliability for which interobserver reliability is appropriate is:
A.
Stability
B.
Internal consistency
C.
Specificity
D.
Equivalence
23.
Which of the following terms is especially controversial among qualitative researchers?
A.
Credibility
B.
Integrity
C.
Trustworthiness
D.
Validity
24.
The maintenance of good, thorough documentation and a decision trail is especially critical in:
A.
Member checks
B.
Stepwise replications
C.
Negative case analysis
D.
Inquiry audits
25.
The process referred to as constant comparison involves:
A.
Comparing two researchers' interpretation of the data
B.
Comparing data segments against other segments for similarity and dissimilarity
C.
Comparing data from the study with data and categories from other, similar studies
D.
Comparing the researchers' interpretation of the data against study participants' interpretation
