Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Sulfur (S)
Phosphorus (P)
Sodium (Na)
Iron (Fe)
Chloride (Cl)
Magnesium (Mg)
Fluoride
Iodine (I)
Sources: green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains, tuna, halibut, chocolate. Deficiencies cause: weakness, dysrhythmias, convulsions, increased BP, anorexia. Excess causes diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, hypertension, bradycardia, lethargy
Sources: dairy, broccoli, kale, fortified grains. Deficiency causes tetany, Positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, ECG changes, osteoporosis in adults, poor growth in children. Excess causes constipation, renal stones, lethargy, depressed deep-tendon reflexes.
Deficiency results in dental caries and increased risk for osteoporosis. Toxicity results in itching, chest pain
Used for synthesis of thyroid hormone. In seafood, table salt, so deficiencies are rare. When lacking the thyroid enlarges. Too much results in thyrotoxicosis.
Sources: oranges, dried fruits, tomatoes, avocados, dried peas, meats, broccoli, bananas, dairy, whole grains, potato. Deficiencies cause dysrhythmias, muscle cramps, confusion. Excess causes dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, irritability, confusion, extremity numbness
Sources: table salt, added salts, processed foods. Excess findings include fluid retention, hypertension, disorientation.
A component of vitamin structure, by-product of protein metabolism. Sources: protein. Deficiency only in severe malnutrition.
Sources: table salt, added salts, processed foods. Deficiencies are rare causing muscle cramps, anorexia. Excess causes vomiting.
Heme iron is found in meat, fish, poultry. Nonheme iron is found in grains, legumes, vegetables. People during menstruating years, older infants, toddlers, pregnant are at risk of deficiency.
Sources: dairy, peas, meat, eggs, legumes. Excess causes: decreased blood calcium levels.