Within
the
field
of
language
learning
,
the
best
known
analysis
was
conducted
by
Gardner
and
Lambert
in
1972
.
They
identified
two
key
motivations
for
language
learners
:
1
.
instrumental
and
integrative
motivation
.
Instrumental
motivation
means
motivation
as
a
result
of
an
external
2
.
____________________
,
i
.
e
.
something
that
the
learner
needs
to
do
.
For
example
,
they
may
need
to
communicate
in
the
foreign
language
in
their
job
,
or
they
may
need
to
pass
an
exam
.
These
are
described
as
3
.
____________________
because
the
need
comes
from
outside
,
rather
than
from
the
learner
himself
/
herself
.
The
language
is
simply
a
tool
or
4
.
____________________
that
enables
the
learner
satisfy
that
need
.
In
contrast
,
5
.
____________________
motivation
comes
from
within
the
learner
.
It
comes
from
the
learner
?
s
desire
to
6
.
____________________
to
some
extent
with
other
people
who
speak
the
same
language
(
or
the
same
variety
of
a
language
,
such
as
medical
English
)
.
So
where
instrumental
motivation
comes
from
an
external
need
,
integrative
motivation
comes
from
an
7
.
____________________
want
.
Two
important
things
need
to
be
said
about
these
types
of
motivation
.
Firstly
,
all
learners
probably
have
some
8
.
____________________
of
the
two
types
,
and
this
combination
will
vary
over
the
course
of
their
learning
.
As
teachers
,
we
need
to
be
aware
of
both
types
,
in
order
to
take
9
.
____________________
of
them
.
Secondly
,
and
perhaps
more
importantly
,
both
instrumental
and
integrative
motivation
work
on
a
10
.
____________________
scale
:
they
help
us
to
understand
why
a
particular
learner
is
attending
a
course
,
their
macro
-
motivation
.
But
they
say
very
little
about
their
micro
-
motivation
:
how
that
learner
feels
during
and
between
individual
lessons
.
It
is
quite
possible
for
a
learner
to
have
high
levels
of
integrative
and
instrumental
motivation
,
and
still
feel
11
.
____________________
by
boring
lessons
or
an
unpleasant
learning
12
.
____________________
.
Conversely
,
it
is
possible
for
a
learner
with
little
or
no
instrumental
or
integrative
motivation
to
be
highly
13
.
____________________
in
the
classroom
,
due
to
the
quality
of
the
teaching
,
for
example
.
