7 SOCIALS

Complete the sentence. Development of naval technology, as well as progress in the __________ and scientific field.

Complete the sentence. Fall of the ___________ Empire into the hands of the Ottoman Empire, which blocked or hindered trade between the West and the East; Need for new trade routes; Need to find natural resources for exploitation; Need for expansion of western trade to the far east (China and Japan).

Read and complete the sentence. Americans get a day off work on October 10 to celebrate Columbus Day. It is an annual holiday that commemorates the day on October 12, 1492, when the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus officially set foot in the Americas, and claimed the land for Spain. It has been a national holiday in the United States since 1937. It is commonly said that "Columbus discovered America." It would be more accurate, perhaps, to say that he introduced the Americas to Western Europe during his four voyages to the region between 1492 and 1502. It's also safe to say that he paved the way for the massive influx of western Europeans that would ultimately form several new nations including the United States, Canada and Mexico. ___________ of the discovery of America were unveiling of the world map, conquest and colonization of the American continent by Europeans, submission of the Amerindian populations to the western military, political, religious and cultural order, commercial expansion of Europe, settlement of the hegemony of the conquering kingdoms: Spain, Portugal, England, France and the Netherlands, development of the transatlantic economy and others.

Complete the sentence. European colonization of America began in the late __________ after Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492 with the support of the Crown of Castile. From there, the Spanish Empire, the Portuguese Empire, and from the beginning of the 17th century the British Empire (1608), France (1609) and the Netherlands (1625), conquered and colonized a large part of the American territory.

Complete the sentence. The Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire were the first to carry out the conquest, and they settled mainly in southern North America, Central America and in the Andean area of South America (Aztec, Maya, Muisca and _____________empires, respectively).

Complete the sentence. Portugal appropriated most of the Atlantic coastal strip of the northern part of South America, which would later originate the State of Brazil. England established __________ colonies in the North American Atlantic coastal strip, in addition to some Caribbean islands.

Complete the sentence. Juana of Castile, known as ______________ or Joanna the Mad, was the elder sister of Catherine of Aragon and sister-in-law to Henry VIII of England. Juana married Philip the Handsome in 1496, when she was 16. She went on to have six children with her husband, including Charles, who later became the Holy Roman Emperor. Juana was an intelligent young woman and, like her sisters, received a considerable education for the time-period. It was reported that Juana could speak the three main languages of the Iberian Peninsula, along with Latin and French.

Complete the sentence. America-Anglo-Saxon The American continent as a whole is not homogeneous from the historical and cultural point of view. In this sense, one can speak of two different blocks: Latin America and Anglo-Saxon America. Latin America is understood all the nations that were colonized by ______ and Brazil.

Complete the sentence. The main characteristic of Anglo-Saxon America is the English language as the official language. English is official in the United States and the non-French-speaking part of ________, as well as in a number of Caribbean nations (Jamaica, Bahamas, Bermuda or Saint Lucia).

Complete the sentence. Juana's husband Philip had spread rumours about her madness when he was still alive and her behaviour after his death may have reinforced these rumours. Juana's son, Charles, who became the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, eventually took over from Juana as regent, and then, monarch. In __________ Juana was either placed in, or retired to, the Royal Monastery/Convent of Santa Clara in Tordesillas, Castile. Charles forbade Juana any visitors. She died there on 12th April 1555, Good Friday, at the age of 75. Juana was laid to rest in Granada's La Capilla Real, the resting place of her husband and parents.

Complete the sentence. The massacre of the Night of Saint Bartholomew in Paris ended the life of a good part of the Huguenots. These, persecuted for decades until the promulgation of the edict of Nantes by Henry IV in 1598, had no other path than that of exile.

Complete the sentence. The French had founded Fort Caroline (in present-day Carolinas) in 1564 in order to intercept the Spanish gold-laden fleets that came from Havana, but the Spanish _______________ attacked and destroyed the fort.

Complete the sentence. At the beginning of 1505 the Italian___________________was summoned to the court of Spain for a private consultation and, as a man of experience, was engaged to work for the famous Casa de Contratación de las Indias (Commercial House for the Indies), which had been founded two years before at Sevilla. In 1508 the house appointed him chief navigator, a post of great responsibility, which included the examination of the pilots’ and ships’ masters’ licenses for voyages. He also had to prepare the official map of newly discovered lands and of the routes to them (for the royal survey), interpreting and coordinating all data that the captains were obliged to furnish. Vespucci, who had obtained Spanish citizenship, held this position until his death.

Read and complete the sentence. In February 1519, Hernando Cortés set out on an expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico. Along the way, the conquistador “lucked out” as they say, meeting Geronimo de Aguilar, a Franciscan priest who had been shipwrecked and captured by the Maya in the Yucatan. While prisoner, he had learned the Maya language and could therefore translate for Cortés. The contingent continued around the tip of the Yucatan and disembarked at Potonchan, where they beat the natives into submission and walked off with several of their women, including one who spoke both the Maya and Nahuatl or Aztec language. The conquest of Mexico was an armed and social conflict, which occurred in the ______ century, which began with the arrival of Hernán Cortés in Mexico. This, along with his army, managed to subdue the Aztec Empire, which occupied much of present-day Mexico. 16th 15th 17th

Complete the sentence. In conquest of Mexico 2 great civilizations faced: The ______________ Empire and The colonizers.

Complete the sentence. The conquest of Mexico took place between 1519 and 1521, when _____________, initially sent by the Governor of Cuba, explored the coasts of present-day Mexico.

Complete the sentence. On the other hand, the alliance with the Tlaxcalans, neighbors of the Aztecs and fierce enemies, who allied with the army of ____________________ to liquidate the Aztec Empire, was decisive for the conquest.

Complete the sentence. The main causes of the conquest of Mexico were the intentions of the Spanish Crown to expand its territory and strengthen the empire over other European powers of the time, obtaining treasures and raw materials , the idea of evangelizing and colonizing indigenous populations, the technological advance, the military alliances and the war strategies of the Spanish Crown army that surpassed the _____________ warriors and facilitated the victory of Hernán Cortés, despite the numerical superiority of the Aztecs and others.

Complete the sentence. The main consequences of the conquest of _____________ were the expansion of the Spanish colonial territory gave this country more power and wealth worldwide, the Aztec Empire, which occupied a large part of present-day Mexico, became the viceroyalty of New Spain and others.

Complete the sentence. The three most relevant characters of the conquest of Mexico were ______________, Moctesuma and Cuauhtémoc.

Complete the sentence. The conquest of Peru refers to the historical process of annexation of the Inca Empire to the _____________.

Complete the sentence. The conquest of ______________ was considered that it began on November 16, 1532 when an Inca army met in Cajamarca with the Spanish conquerors led by Francisco Pizarro, shortly after the civil war between the two heirs to the Inca throne, Huáscar and Atahualpa (sons of the Inca Huayna Cápac).

Read and complete the sentence. The central character of the Spanish conquest of Peru was Francisco Pizarro, an adventurer who was regarded as particularly unsavory even among conquistadors. Treachery and brutality towards the natives were considered minor offenses during the age of conquest, but disloyalty and perfidy towards one's fellow Spaniards were regarded as serious wrong-doing. It is therefore of some comfort that Pizarro himself came to a bad end shortly after his spectacular, but inglorious triumph over the Incas. At this meeting, ____________, who was still celebrating his triumph over Huáscar, was taken prisoner by the Spanish and executed months later, on July 26, 1533.

Complete the sentence. Manco led a war of reconquest, besieging Cusco and the newly founded city of Lima (1535). Although they caused heavy casualties to the Spanish, 2 Manco finally had to retreat to the rugged mountains of Vilcabamba, where he installed the seat of the ______________ monarchy (1538), while the rest of the territory was occupied by the Spanish.

Complete the sentence. The reign of these Incas in Vilcabamba would last until 1572, when Viceroy Francisco de Toledo executed the last of them: _______________. The conquest of Peru lasted, therefore, in property, forty years (1532-1572).