Refers to the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner.
An American feminist, ethicist and psychologist best known for her work on ethical community and ethical relationships and certain subject-object problems in ethics.
The first of Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development, between birth and 18 months of age.
A humanist psychologist who saw the positive side of humanity and believed in free will.
Confidence in one's own worth or abilities
A status that describes those who are activity exploring in an attempt to establish an identity, but have yet to have made any commitment.
The theory includes three levels and six stages of moral thinking. Each level includes two stages. The levels are called preconventional morality, conventional morality, and postconventional morality.
Knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden.
Characterizes those who have made a commitment to an identity without having explored the options.
Spontaneous self-directed talk in which a person “thinks aloud,” particularly as a means of regulating cognitive processes and guiding behavior.
According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence.
object permanence
identity foreclosure
Private speech
identity moratorium
James Marcia's identity states
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
trust versus mistrust
self-esteem
Scaffolding
zone of proximal development
Carol Gilligan
Abraham Maslow
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development