accidental relationship
experimental group
hidden variables
presumed relationship
cause and effect relationship
common cause relationship
control group
reverse cause and effect relationship accidental relationship presumed relationship
extraneous variables
Variables that affect either the dependent or the independent variable and are NOT predictable.
they receive the treatment being tested
The presumed dependent and independent variables are reversed in the process of determining causality. (Y causes X). A correlation exists without any causal relationship between variables. A correlation doesn’t appear to be accidental even though there is no apparent cause and effect or common cause relationship.
A change in X produces a change in Y.
A correlation doesn’t appear to be accidental even though there is no apparent cause and effect or common cause relationship.
An external variable causes two variables to change the same way.
A correlation exists without any causal relationship between variables.
they do not receive the treatment by the researchers and are used as to compare against the group that does receive the treatment
Extraneous variables that are difficult to recognize. May invalidate conclusions drawn from statistical results.
