Longest unbroken art tradition in the world (40000 years). Recorded evidence of climate and organisms including types and abundance in their art.
Absolute age of fossil, rock or mineral determined using predictable decay rates of isotopes. Carbon-14 for fossils. Fisson-tracking and luminescence.
Principals of stratigraphy, volcanic ash deposits, banded iron formations and Palaeosoils ('fossilised soils').
Gas and particles (e.g., dust, pollen, volcanic ash and radioactive particles) get trapped in snow as it falls year after year, building up layers.
Evidence of past life from mineralised remains, organic remains, impressions, trace fossils, microfossils, Stromatolites and molecular biomarkers.
Determining levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, oxygen and other gases to estimate atmospheric temperature.
Palaeontological
Geological
Rock Art
Ice cores
Gas analysis
Radiometric dating