survive finite gene genetic success individual identical offspring species biological pool
Reproduction
means
making
a
copy
or
a
likeness
.
For
living
organisms
,
this
means
producing
that
are
to
the
parent
or
resemble
the
two
parents
that
gave
rise
to
them
.
Individuals
have
a
lifespan
,
so
in
order
for
a
population
or
a
species
to
,
material
must
be
passed
from
one
generation
to
the
next
.
This
ability
to
reproduce
is
known
as
the
reproductive
of
an
individual
.
The
genetic
material
of
all
organisms
in
a
population
makes
up
the
.
The
likelihood
of
genes
appearing
in
the
next
generation
and
being
passed
on
is
known
as
fitness
.
In
evolutionary
terms
,
reproduction
is
less
significant
for
success
and
more
important
for
the
continuation
of
the
.
embryo zygote meiosis gametes fertilisation Sexual chromosomes fuse haploid mitosis
reproduction
requires
the
production
of
male
and
female
(
sperm
and
ova
)
by
the
process
of
(
reduction
division
)
.
Each
gamete
is
with
half
the
normal
number
of
.
The
gametes
during
the
process
of
to
create
a
(
fertilised
egg
)
with
the
full
diploid
(
2n
)
complement
of
chromosomes
.
The
cells
of
the
zygote
divide
by
,
keeping
the
chromosome
number
constant
,
and
the
resulting
continues
to
grow
and
mature
into
a
new
individual
.
externally External inside internally dehydration fewer parental aquatic large energy Internal nourishment
Fertilisation
may
take
place
or
.
External
fertilisation
occurs
in
or
moist
terrestrial
environments
,
to
prevent
of
gametes
.
Gametes
must
be
produced
in
numbers
to
ensure
success
.
Internal
fertilisation
takes
place
the
body
of
the
female
and
involves
mate
attraction
and
copulation
,
which
require
investment
and
put
the
organisms
at
risk
of
predation
,
but
eggs
need
to
be
produced
.
fertilisation
occurs
in
most
invertebrates
and
some
vertebrates
(
fish
and
amphibians
)
.
fertilisation
occurs
in
some
invertebrates
(
insects
and
snails
)
and
most
vertebrates
(
reptiles
,
mammals
and
birds
)
.
Other
mechanisms
that
increase
the
chances
of
survival
and
continuity
of
species
include
for
the
developing
young
and
care
.
dispersal germination pollination self wind fruit agents environmental cross variation
Sexual
reproduction
in
plants
involves
external
of
pollination
and
seed
,
such
as
,
water
,
fire
(
abiotic
)
and
animals
(
biotic
)
.
Pollination
mechanisms
in
plants
include
-
pollination
(
to
ensure
survival
if
reproductive
partners
are
scarce
)
and
-
pollination
(
to
increase
genetic
and
ensure
survival
if
a
sudden
change
such
as
disease
or
drought
occurs
)
.
The
life
cycle
of
a
plant
involves
,
fertilisation
,
seed
dispersal
and
.
Seed
dispersal
relies
on
the
type
of
in
which
the
seeds
occur
matching
the
type
of
dispersal
agent
available
in
that
environment
.
identical Budding fission rapid wall bacteria resources demise variation cleavage parent Hydra DNA
occurs
in
yeast
and
some
multicellular
organisms
such
as
and
brain
coral
.
Binary
is
the
most
common
form
of
asexual
reproduction
in
and
protists
.
Asexual
reproduction
in
bacteria
occurs
in
a
series
of
steps
:
a
cell
grows
to
twice
its
size
;
replicates
;
DNA
separates
;
protein
accumulates
at
the
site
;
the
cytoplasm
divides
;
and
a
new
is
synthesised
.
Both
binary
fission
and
budding
involve
only
one
,
so
no
mate
is
required
,
allowing
proliferation
of
genetically
organisms
that
are
well
suited
to
survive
in
their
particular
environment
.
Disadvantages
of
asexual
forms
of
reproduction
:
lack
of
genetic
in
offspring
,
which
may
lead
to
their
in
unexpected
harsh
conditions
or
as
a
result
of
other
changes
in
selecting
agents
;
the
large
numbers
of
offspring
produced
may
compete
with
each
other
for
.