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1. 
Most nursing studies before 1950 focused on:
A.
Client satisfaction
B.
Clinical interventions
C.
Health promotion
D.
Nursing education
2. 
Which of the following groups would be best served by the development of a scientific base for nursing practice?
A.
Nursing administrators
B.
Practicing nurses
C.
Nurses' clients
D.
Health care policymakers
3. 
The traditional scientific method is not characterized by which of the following attributes?
A.
Control over external factors
B.
Systematic measurement and observation of natural phenomena
C.
Testing of hunches deduced from theory or prior research
D.
Emphasis on a holistic view of a phenomenon, studied in a rich context
4. 
The classic scientific method has its intellectual roots in:
A.
Positivism
B.
Determinism
C.
Constructivism
D.
Empiricism
5. 
A researcher wants to study the process by which people make decisions about seeking treatment for infertility. The researcher's paradigmatic orientation most likely is:
A.
Positivism
B.
Determinism
C.
Empiricism
D.
Naturalism
6. 
A researcher is studying the effect of massage on the alleviation of pain in cancer patients. The study would be described as:
A.
Descriptive
B.
Exploratory
C.
Applied
D.
Basic
7. 
A descriptive question that a qualitative researcher might ask is:
A.
What are the dimensions of this phenomenon?
B.
What is the average intensity of this phenomenon?
C.
How frequently does this phenomenon occur?
D.
What is the average duration of this phenomenon?
8. 
One of the criticisms of the scientific method is that it is overly:
A.
Logical
B.
Deterministic
C.
Empirical
D.
Reductionist
9. 
Over a 20-year period, Wallace and colleagues conducted a series of studies on children's pain and nurses' pain management. This is an example of:
A.
A research program
B.
The scientific method
C.
Positivist research
D.
Basic research
10. 
Naturalistic qualitative research typically:
A.
Involves deductive processes
B.
Attempts to control the research context to better understand the phenomenon being studied
C.
Involves gathering narrative, subjective materials
D.
Focuses on the idiosyncrasies of those being studied
11. 
Which of the following limits the power of the scientific method to answer questions about human life?
A.
The necessity of departing from traditional beliefs
B.
The shortage of theories about human behaviour
C.
The difficulty of gaining the cooperation of humans as study participants
D.
The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human traits
12. 
Empiricism refers to:
A.
Gathering evidence about real-world phenomena through the senses
B.
Deducing specific predictions from generalizations
C.
Making generalizations from specific observations
D.
Verifying the assumptions on which the study was based
13. 
To those espousing a positivist paradigm, a fundamental belief is that:
A.
The researcher is objective and independent of those being studied.
B.
The researcher cannot interact with those being studied.
C.
The researcher instructs those being studied to be objective in providing information.
D.
The distance between the researcher and those being researched is minimized to enhance the interactive process.
14. 
Which of the following would not be a current priority for clinical nursing research?
A.
Pain management
B.
Health promotion
C.
Nurses' personalities
D.
Prevention of illness
15. 
Confidentiality of study participants can be increased by:
A.
Avoiding the collection of any identifying information
B.
Avoiding introducing the participants to any of the research personnel
C.
Placing all identifying information on computer files rather than manual files
D.
All of the above
16. 
If a researcher unobtrusively studies interactions among patients in a psychiatric hospital, which ethical principle may be violated?
A.
Confidentiality
B.
Right to self-determination
C.
Freedom from harm
D.
All of the above
17. 
An example of research misconduct is:
A.
Fabrication of data
B.
Concealed observation
C.
IRB rejection
D.
A high monetary incentive to study participants
18. 
The regulations affecting the ethical conduct of research sponsored by the federal government were based on the:
A.
Nuremberg Code
B.
Declaration of Helsinki
C.
Belmont Report
D.
Code of Ethics of the American Nurses Association
19. 
Informed consent is not obtained when:
A.
The researcher collects information covertly
B.
The researcher pays the subjects a stipend
C.
The risk/benefit ratio is low
D.
The study is not reviewed by an IRB
20. 
Debriefing sessions are:
A.
Discussions with prospective participants before a study to obtain informed consent
B.
Discussions with participants after a study to explain various aspects of the study and provide a forum for questioning
C.
Discussions with a human subjects committee before a study to obtain permission to proceed
D.
Recruitment discussions with prospective participants
21. 
In a qualitative study that involves multiple contacts between the researcher and study participants, the researcher may negotiate a(n):
A.
Implied consent
B.
Stipend
C.
Process consent
D.
Risk/benefit ratio
22. 
The safeguard mechanism by which even the researcher cannot link the participant with the information provided is called:
A.
Confidentiality
B.
Anonymity
C.
Informed consent
D.
Right to privacy
23. 
When a research report undergoes a “blind” review for a journal, it means that:
A.
The journal editors do not know who submitted the report.
B.
The authors of the report do not know who the editor of the journal is.
C.
The report is published without indicating the authors' names.
D.
The reviewers making recommendations about publication are not told who the authors are.
24. 
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study violated which of the following ethical principles?
A.
All of the below
B.
Right to self-determination
C.
Right to fair treatment
D.
Freedom from harm
25. 
All the following are potential benefits from participating in a study, except:
A.
Monetary gains
B.
Access to a new and potentially beneficial treatment
C.
Opportunity to discuss personal feelings and experiences with an objective listener
D.
Opportunity to collaborate on a study