Magma mixing
Ultramafic
felsic
Mafic
intermediate
Felsic magma and mafic magma mixing together
More Fe and Mg than mafic No more made
From mantle Iron rich
are most often formed by the partial melting of the crust in response to heat provided by more mafic intrusions Continental convergent
Made by differentiation of mafic magma or Through crystal assimilation Mixing mafic or felsic Continental convergent
Extrusive eruption
Batholith
extrusive
Intrusion
intrusive
Magma erupts onto the surface
Underground stall AKA pluton
Aphanitic Porphyritic
Extensive plutons
Phaneritic Pegmatitic Porphyritic
Phaneritic
Aphanitic
Fragmental (pyroclastic)
Phenocrysts
Porphyritic
Glassy
Pegmatitic
Vescular
Slow cooling Lots of fluids Very big crystals Igneous rock textures Intrusive
Pumice Welded tuff
Large crystals that the have formed in the magma before the eruption
Slow cooling Big crystals Igneous rock texture Intrusive
Porus gaseous
Two stage cooling (fast→slow) big and small crystals Intrusive and extrusive Phenocrysts
Lots of bubbles (pumice) Rapid cooling of frothy gas rich magma Rapid cooling under water
Fast cooling Small crystals Extrusive Igneous rock textures
Unloading
hydrolysis
Erosion
Physical weathering
weathering
abrasion
Dissolution
Chemical weathering
Oxidation
The decomp due to water Partial dissolution leaving hydrated parts behind
Adding and combining oxygen to minerals Fe
Particles collide Wear and tear
No change in composition unloading Abrasion erosion
breakdown of rocks
Changes in structure and or composition of the main material Dissolution Oxidation Hydrolysis
Dissolving a mineral into a solution
Pressure release Expands and cracks form
Loosening broken particles and carrying them away
clastic
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Detrital
Lithification
Deposition
Soil
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Sediment
Regolith/Saprolith
Turbidity currents
Submarine fan
Made of clasts
Collection of broken down weathered materials
fragments of pre-existing rock
Unconsolidated material on earth surface Chunky dirt with rocks
Compression, dehydration, and cementation
Deep sea fan
made with bones
Underwater debris flows
Made of weathered rock/minerals plus, air, water, and humus!!
Artificial
Deposit
Confining pressure
Regional metamorphism
Contact metamorphism
Lineation
Burial metamorphism
Subduction metamorphism
Index minerals
Metamorphic grade
foliated texture
Hydrothermal metamorphism
Metamorphic facies
Metamorphism
Directed pressure
Protolith
Recrystallization
Reflects the intensity of metamorphism experienced by a rock
Differential pressure Results in a foliated texture and lineation
flat/platy minerals Banding
elevated temperatures are provided by the magma to the surrounding crustal rocks, but the pressure doesn’t change
Confining pressure at subduction zones
Metamorphism that involves various degrees of directed pressure over a large area
Heat and fluids
Uniform pressure
Provide info about the P-T conditions of metamorphism
An assemblage of index minerals representing am specific P-T conditions
Elongated minerals align
Process by which minerals in a rock re-crystallize due to changes in pressure and or temp and or fluid activity
Mild heat and pressure
Parent rock to a metamorphic rock
Solid-Solid reaction